The thyroid gland consists of two lobes, and it is the largest (25 g) adult endocrine gland. The isthmus connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland. It is located at the neck, adjacent to the trachea and beneath the larynx. It appears like a butterfly shape and covered around the trachea. It is composed of thyroid follicles that are covered by follicular cells. The follicular cells secrete thyroid hormones (TH) such as triiodothyronine (T 3 ) and thyroxine (T 4 ). The thyroid gland releases TH into the blood stream. Thyroid hormones act by binding to their thyroid hormone receptors (TR), which is a superfamily of nuclear receptors. TR-encoding genes are classified into α (TRα) and β (TRβ). Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) regulates hormones (T 3 and T 4 ) secretion from the thyroid. TH raises the metabolic rate by promoting the adequate supply of blood and oxygen. Also, TH increases the heart rate and respiratory rate and involved in the breakdown of carbohydrate and fat to provide energy. TH regulates appetite, alertness, secretion of growth hormone, body growth, reproduction, and circulatory system. Abnormal secretion of thyroid hormones may cause thyroid problems.

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Chapter 17, Problem 12TYR

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The thyroid gland consists of two lobes, and it is the largest (25 g) adult endocrine gland. The isthmus connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland. It is located at the neck, adjacent to the trachea and beneath the larynx. It appears like a butterfly shape and covered around the trachea. It is composed of thyroid follicles that are covered by follicular cells. The follicular cells secrete thyroid hormones (TH) such as triiodothyronine (T₃) and thyroxine (T₄). The thyroid gland releases TH into the blood stream. Thyroid hormones act by binding to their thyroid hormone receptors (TR), which is a superfamily of nuclear receptors. TR-encoding genes are classified into α (TRα) and β (TRβ). Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) regulates hormones (T₃ and T₄) secretion from the thyroid. TH raises the metabolic rate by promoting the adequate supply of blood and oxygen. Also, TH increases the heart rate and respiratory rate and involved in the breakdown of carbohydrate and fat to provide energy. TH regulates appetite, alertness, secretion of growth hormone, body growth, reproduction, and circulatory system. Abnormal secretion of thyroid hormones may cause thyroid problems.

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