Chapter 16, Problem 95P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To explain the following result obtain from theHammett equation.

Concept introduction:

Hammett reaction constant ($\rho$)is the slope of logarithm of rate constant ($\text{logk}$) versusHammett substitution constant ($\sigma$) graph. The $\text{logk}$ Vs $\sigma$ graph can be represented as:

The negative value of the $\rho$ means electrons flow out from the aromatic ring in the rate-determining step and positive value of $\rho$ electrons flow into the aromatic ring in the rate determining step.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To explain the following result obtain from theHammett equation.

Concept introduction:

Hammett reaction constant ($\rho$)is the slope of logarithm of rate constant ($\text{logk}$) versusHammett substitution constant ($\sigma$) graph. The $\text{logk}$ Vs $\sigma$ graph can be represented as:

The negative value of the $\rho$ means electrons flow out from the aromatic ring in the rate-determining step and positive value of $\rho$ electrons flow into the aromatic ring in the rate determining step.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To explain the following result obtain from theHammett equation.

Concept introduction: Hammett reaction constant ($\rho$)is the slope of logarithm of rate constant ($\text{logk}$) versusHammett substitution constant ($\sigma$) graph. The $\text{logk}$ Vs $\sigma$ graph can be represented as:

The negative value of the $\rho$ means electrons flow out from the aromatic ring in the rate-determining step and positive value of $\rho$ electrons flow into the aromatic ring in the rate determining step.