Chapter 16, Problem 90P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mechanism for the Ritter reaction has to be proposed.

Concept introduction:

Ritter reaction is an organic reaction which is used for

the synthesis of amide. Nitrile along with alcohol or alkene are used as the reactants

in Ritter reaction. This reaction occurs in the acidic medium.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reason for the nonreactivity of primary alcohol in the Ritter recation is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Carbocation are the chemical species which carries a unit positive charge on the carbon atom. The alkyl groups are electron donating groups and thus, they shows positive inductive effect. The increasing order of stability of carbocation is:

${\text{R}}_3{\text{C}}^{+}>{\text{R}}_2{\text{CH}}^{+}>{\text{RCH}}_2^{+}>{\text{CH}}_3^{+}$

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Difference between the Ritter reaction and acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of  a nitrile to form an amide has to be explained.

Concept introduction:

Ritter reaction occurs between nitriles and alkenes or alcohols in the acidic medium to form amide. Amide can also formed by the reaction of  nitriles with water and acid.