Chapter 16, Problem 3P

(a)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether the given metabolic reaction is oxidation or reduction.

Introduction:

The metabolic processes taking place in the cells are the continuous series of oxidation and reduction. The oxidation and reduction processes results in the production of ATP. Oxidation occurs due to hydrogenation of the compound andinvolves addition of one oxygen atom. Reduction refers to the removal of oxygen atom from the substance.

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The given metabolic reaction is oxidation, insertion of H-H is done to balance the equation.

$\text{Methanol}\to \text{Formaldehyde + }\left[\text{H}-\text{H}\right]$

One molecule of water eliminates when methanol undergoes oxidation.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether the given reaction is oxidation or reduction.

Introduction:

The metabolic processes taking place in the cells are the continuous series of oxidation and reduction. The oxidation and reduction processes results in the production of ATP. Oxidation occurs due to hydrogenation of the compound andinvolves addition of one oxygen atom. Reduction refers to the removal of oxygen atom from the substance.

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The given metabolic reaction is oxidation, insertion of H-H is done to balance the equation.

$\text{Formaldehyde}\to \text{ Formate + }\left[\text{H}-\text{H}\right]$

When a substance undergoes oxidation, removal of one water molecule takes place.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether the given reaction is oxidation or reduction.

Introduction:

The metabolic processes taking place in the cells are the continuous series of oxidation and reduction. The oxidation and reduction processes results in the production of ATP. Oxidation occurs due to hydrogenation of the compound andinvolves addition of one oxygen atom. Reduction refers to the removal of oxygen atom from the substance.

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The mentioned metabolic reaction is reduction, addition of H-H takes place on the side of CO₂ and one hydrogen ion gets eliminated. The balanced equation is-

${\text{CO}}_2\text{ + }\left[\text{H}-\text{H}\right]\to \text{Formate}+{\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$

(d)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether the reaction is oxidation or reduction.

Introduction:

The metabolic processes taking place in the cells are the continuous series of oxidation and reduction. The oxidation and reduction processes results in the production of ATP. Oxidation occurs due to hydrogenation of the compound andinvolves addition of one oxygen atom. Reduction refers to the removal of oxygen atom from the substance.

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Formation of glyceraldehyde from glycerate is a reduction type of reaction. Water removal takes place besides the formation of glyceraldehyde.

$\text{Glycerate}+\left[\text{H}-\text{H}\right]+{\text{H}}^{\text{+}}\to \text{Glyceraldehyde}+{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}\text{O}$

(e)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether the reaction is oxidation or reduction.

Introduction:

The metabolic processes taking place in the cells are the continuous series of oxidation and reduction. The oxidation and reduction processes results in the production of ATP. Oxidation occurs due to hydrogenation of the compound andinvolves addition of one oxygen atom. Reduction refers to the removal of oxygen atom from the substance.

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Addition of oxygen confirms the reaction as oxidation process. The balanced reaction is:

$\text{Glycerol}\to \text{ Dihydroxyacetone + }\left[\text{H}-\text{H}\right]$

(f)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether the formation of benzoate from toluene is the example of oxidation or reduction reaction.

Introduction:

The metabolic processes taking place in the cells are the continuous series of oxidation and reduction. The oxidation and reduction processes results in the production of ATP. Oxidation occurs due to hydrogenation of the compound andinvolves addition of one oxygen atom. Reduction refers to the removal of oxygen atom from the substance.

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Formation of benzoate from toluene is an oxidation process.

${\text{Toluene + 2H}}_2\text{O}\to \text{ Benzoate + 3}\left[\text{H}-\text{H}\right]+{\text{H}}^{+}$

(g)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether the reaction is oxidation or reduction.

Introduction:

The metabolic processes taking place in the cells are the continuous series of oxidation and reduction. The oxidation and reduction processes results in the production of ATP. Oxidation occurs due to hydrogenation of the compound andinvolves addition of one oxygen atom. Reduction refers to the removal of oxygen atom from the substance.

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Oxidation of succinate results in the formation of fumarate. The balanced equation is-

$\text{Succinate}\to \text{ Fumarate + }\left[\text{H}-\text{H}\right]$

(h)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether the reaction is oxidation or reduction.

Introduction:

The metabolic processes taking place in the cells are the continuous series of oxidation and reduction. The oxidation and reduction processes results in the production of ATP. Oxidation occurs due to hydrogenation of the compound andinvolves addition of one oxygen atom. Reduction refers to the removal of oxygen atom from the substance.

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Acetate results from the oxidation of pyruvate. The balanced equation is-

${\text{Pyruvate + H}}_2\text{O}\to \text{ Acetate + }\left[\text{H}-\text{H}\right]\text{}+\text{}{\text{CO}}_{\text{2}}$