How the citric acid cycle can be expected to respond to a rapid increase in the ratio of [ NADH ] [ NAD + ] in the mitochondrial matrix. Introduction: Citric acid cycle is the combination of various types of chemical reactions. Some reactions of the cycle are exergonic while some are endergonic in nature. Three exergonic steps of citric acid cycle are catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase and α ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. Under some circumstances, these steps become the rate limiting steps.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 16, Problem 31P

Summary Introduction

To determine: How the citric acid cycle can be expected to respond to a rapid increase in the ratio of [NADH][NAD+] in the mitochondrial matrix.

Introduction:

Citric acid cycle is the combination of various types of chemical reactions. Some reactions of the cycle are exergonic while some are endergonic in nature. Three exergonic steps of citric acid cycle are catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase and α ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. Under some circumstances, these steps become the rate limiting steps.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason for the effect of increase in the ratio of [NADH][NAD+] in the mitochondrial matrix.

Introduction:

Citric acid cycle is the combination of various types of chemical reactions. Some reactions of the cycle are exergonic while some are endergonic in nature. Three exergonic steps of citric acid cycle are catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase and α ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. Under some circumstances, these steps become the rate limiting steps.

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The beta-lactamase hydrolyzes the lactam-ring in penicillin. Describe the mechanism of hydrolysis, insuring to include the involvement of S, D, & K in the reaction sequence. Please help

To map the active site of beta-lactamase, the enzyme was hydrolyzed with trypsin to yield a hexapeptide (P1) with the following amino acids. Glu, Lys, Leu, Phe, Met, and Ser. Treatment of P1 with phenyl isothiocyanate yielded a PTH derivative of phenylalanine and a peptide (P2). Treatment of P1 with cyanogenbromide gave an acidic tetrapeptide (P3) and a dipeptide (P4).Treatment of P2 with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, followed by complete hydrolysis, yields N-2,4-dinitrophenyl-Glu. P1, P2, and P3 contain the active site serine. Why doesn't D in this hexapeptide not participate in the hydrolysis of the beta-lactam ring even though S, K, and D are involved in the catalyst?

To map the active site of -lactamase, the enzyme was hydrolyzed with trypsin to yield a hexapeptide (P1) with the following amino acids. Glu, Lys, Leu, Phe, Met, and Ser. Treatment of P1 with phenyl isothiocyanate yielded a PTH derivative of phenylalanine and a peptide (P2). Treatment of P1 with cyanogenbromide gave an acidic tetrapeptide (P3) and a dipeptide (P4).Treatment of P2 with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, followed by complete hydrolysis, yields N-2,4-dinitrophenyl-Glu. P1, P2, and P3 contain the active site serine. Using the experimental results described above derive the primary sequence of the active site hexapeptide. Please help!

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 16, Problem 31P

Summary Introduction

To determine: How the citric acid cycle can be expected to respond to a rapid increase in the ratio of [NADH][NAD+] in the mitochondrial matrix.

Introduction:

Citric acid cycle is the combination of various types of chemical reactions. Some reactions of the cycle are exergonic while some are endergonic in nature. Three exergonic steps of citric acid cycle are catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase and α ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. Under some circumstances, these steps become the rate limiting steps.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason for the effect of increase in the ratio of [NADH][NAD+] in the mitochondrial matrix.

Introduction:

Citric acid cycle is the combination of various types of chemical reactions. Some reactions of the cycle are exergonic while some are endergonic in nature. Three exergonic steps of citric acid cycle are catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase and α ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. Under some circumstances, these steps become the rate limiting steps.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 16, Problem 31P

Summary Introduction

To determine: How the citric acid cycle can be expected to respond to a rapid increase in the ratio of [NADH][NAD+] in the mitochondrial matrix.

Introduction:

Citric acid cycle is the combination of various types of chemical reactions. Some reactions of the cycle are exergonic while some are endergonic in nature. Three exergonic steps of citric acid cycle are catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase and α ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. Under some circumstances, these steps become the rate limiting steps.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason for the effect of increase in the ratio of [NADH][NAD+] in the mitochondrial matrix.

Introduction:

Citric acid cycle is the combination of various types of chemical reactions. Some reactions of the cycle are exergonic while some are endergonic in nature. Three exergonic steps of citric acid cycle are catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase and α ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. Under some circumstances, these steps become the rate limiting steps.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 16, Problem 31P

Summary Introduction

To determine: How the citric acid cycle can be expected to respond to a rapid increase in the ratio of [NADH][NAD+] in the mitochondrial matrix.

Introduction:

Citric acid cycle is the combination of various types of chemical reactions. Some reactions of the cycle are exergonic while some are endergonic in nature. Three exergonic steps of citric acid cycle are catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase and α ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. Under some circumstances, these steps become the rate limiting steps.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason for the effect of increase in the ratio of [NADH][NAD+] in the mitochondrial matrix.

Introduction:

Citric acid cycle is the combination of various types of chemical reactions. Some reactions of the cycle are exergonic while some are endergonic in nature. Three exergonic steps of citric acid cycle are catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase and α ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. Under some circumstances, these steps become the rate limiting steps.

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Answer 5

Chapter 16, Problem 31P

Summary Introduction

To determine: How the citric acid cycle can be expected to respond to a rapid increase in the ratio of [NADH][NAD+] in the mitochondrial matrix.

Introduction:

Citric acid cycle is the combination of various types of chemical reactions. Some reactions of the cycle are exergonic while some are endergonic in nature. Three exergonic steps of citric acid cycle are catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase and α ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. Under some circumstances, these steps become the rate limiting steps.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason for the effect of increase in the ratio of [NADH][NAD+] in the mitochondrial matrix.

Introduction:

Citric acid cycle is the combination of various types of chemical reactions. Some reactions of the cycle are exergonic while some are endergonic in nature. Three exergonic steps of citric acid cycle are catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase and α ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. Under some circumstances, these steps become the rate limiting steps.

Answer 6

Chapter 16, Problem 31P

Summary Introduction

To determine: How the citric acid cycle can be expected to respond to a rapid increase in the ratio of [NADH][NAD+] in the mitochondrial matrix.

Introduction:

Citric acid cycle is the combination of various types of chemical reactions. Some reactions of the cycle are exergonic while some are endergonic in nature. Three exergonic steps of citric acid cycle are catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase and α ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. Under some circumstances, these steps become the rate limiting steps.

Answer 7

Chapter 16, Problem 31P

Summary Introduction

To determine: How the citric acid cycle can be expected to respond to a rapid increase in the ratio of [NADH][NAD+] in the mitochondrial matrix.

Introduction:

Citric acid cycle is the combination of various types of chemical reactions. Some reactions of the cycle are exergonic while some are endergonic in nature. Three exergonic steps of citric acid cycle are catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase and α ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. Under some circumstances, these steps become the rate limiting steps.

Answer 8

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason for the effect of increase in the ratio of [NADH][NAD+] in the mitochondrial matrix.

Introduction:

Citric acid cycle is the combination of various types of chemical reactions. Some reactions of the cycle are exergonic while some are endergonic in nature. Three exergonic steps of citric acid cycle are catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase and α ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. Under some circumstances, these steps become the rate limiting steps.

Answer 9

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason for the effect of increase in the ratio of [NADH][NAD+] in the mitochondrial matrix.

Introduction:

Citric acid cycle is the combination of various types of chemical reactions. Some reactions of the cycle are exergonic while some are endergonic in nature. Three exergonic steps of citric acid cycle are catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase and α ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. Under some circumstances, these steps become the rate limiting steps.

Answer 10

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Answer 13

Ch. 16 - Prob. 1P Ch. 16 - Prob. 2P Ch. 16 - Prob. 3P Ch. 16 - Prob. 4P Ch. 16 - Prob. 5P Ch. 16 - Prob. 6P Ch. 16 - Prob. 7P Ch. 16 - Prob. 8P Ch. 16 - Prob. 9P Ch. 16 - Prob. 10P

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