The reason why oxygen consumption is a good measure of cellular respiration . Introduction : Amount of oxygen consumed is the measurement of activity of two stages of cellular respiration. These stages are: Citric acid cycle or TCA cycle which is an aerobic process, and glycolysis which is an anaerobic process. Oxaloacetate (OAA) and malate are the important part of citric acid cycle. In the given scenario sample of pigeon breast muscles were used to determine the oxygen consumption.

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Answer 1

Question

Definition Definition Set of metabolic processes and reactions that produce energy from organic substances such as glucose. Cellular respiration takes place in the organism’s cells, where the chemical energy from nutrients or molecules of oxygen is converted into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Cellular respiration that occurs in the presence of oxygen is called aerobic respiration; in the absence of oxygen, it is called anaerobic respiration.

Chapter 16, Problem 35DAP

(a)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The reason why oxygen consumption is a good measure of cellular respiration.

Introduction:

Amount of oxygen consumed is the measurement of activity of two stages of cellular respiration. These stages are: Citric acid cycle or TCA cycle which is an aerobic process, and glycolysis which is an anaerobic process. Oxaloacetate (OAA) and malate are the important part of citric acid cycle. In the given scenario sample of pigeon breast muscles were used to determine the oxygen consumption.

(a)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The amount of oxygen consumed serves as a good measurement of cellular respiration because the reactions taking place in the pigeon breast muscles use the good amount of oxygen to perform the cellular actions. The consumption of oxygen by the cells depends on the rate of the activity of the cells.

If the oxygen is being consumed on a constant rate then the metabolic conditions of the cells are normal but abnormality in the metabolic conditions of the cells causes irregular consumption of oxygen.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The reason of some oxygen consumed by supplemented muscle tissues (sample 1).

Introduction:

The plants are capable in deriving the source from the direct sunlight, but other organisms such as human being or birds are not capable in obtaining energy from the sunlight. To generate energy the cells of such organisms perform the oxidation of glucose through various cycles.

(b)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The sample obtained from the muscle tissues contains some amount of residual glucose. Residual glucose refers to the amount of glucose left over after several processes such as evaporation, filtration or distillation.

The residual glucose can initiate the oxidative phosphorylation by the help of other sugars and glycerol obtained from fats. Therefore the glucose residue is responsible for the oxygen consumption in the cells.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine: After examining the results of sample 2 and 3, whether 1- phosphoglycerol and citrate can be determined as the substrates for cellular respiration.

Introduction:

Oxygen is the prime requirement of the cells to perform the cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is performed by the cells to obtain energy. Respiration in the cells takes place in various steps in the form of cycles: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

(c)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

1-Phosphoglycerol is an intermediate of glycolysis cycle. It is obtained from the reduction of dihydroxy acetone phosphate. Citrate is an intermediate of citric acid cycle. It is the first product of the cycle obtained from the combination of oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA.

Addition of these substances in the cycle can increase the amount of oxygen consumption in the cellular respiration. So, these substances can be considered as the substrates of the cellular respiration.

(d)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether citrate is catalytic for the metabolism of 1-phosphoglycerol, use the data for the determination of the result.

Introduction:

Citrate is an intermediate of citric acid cycle and addition of citrate increases the oxygen consumption. In the citric acid cycle when citrate converts into α-ketoglutarate, various types of reactions take place, as dehydration, rehydration, and oxidative decarboxylation. In these chemical reactions some byproducts are obtained, the by-products contain the atoms or functional group broken from the actual reactant. This results in the loss of some amount of the substrates.

(d)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Experiment 1 depicts that citrate is consuming more oxygen than expected. Citrate follows the characteristic of a catalyst that it takes part in the reaction more than once.

Experiment 2 depicts that with the addition of citrate and 1-phosphoglycerol the consumption of oxygen increases multi folds.

Data in the table shows that excess oxygen consumed by citrate is 89 µL and oxygen consumed by 1-phosphoglycerol is 415 µL, the additional product of both gives 504 µL.

When 0.15 mL of 0.2 M citrate and 0.3 mL of 0.2 M 1-phosphoglycerol are added then oxygen consumption is 1043 µL.

The difference between 1043 µL and 504 µL is 539 µL. This huge difference in the oxygen consumption is because of the citrate activity. The large difference in the amount of oxygen consumed shows the catalytic activity of citrate.

Tabular representation: The Table.1 shows the consumption of excess oxygen.

Table 1: The consumption of excess oxygen.

Sample	Added Substrate	Absorbed amount of O₂ in μL	Excess amount of O₂ consumed in μL
1	no addition of extra substrate	342	0
2	0.3 mL of 0.2 M 1-phosphoglycerol is added.	757	415
3	0.15 mL of 0.2 M citrate added	431	89
4	0.15 mL of 0.2 M citrate and 0.3 mL of 0.2 M 1-phosphoglycerol are added.	1385	1043

(e)

Summary Introduction

To discuss: Whether the citrate was regenerated in the whole process so the reactions occurred in cyclic manner rather than linear pathway.

Introduction:

In the citric acid cycle when citrate converts into α-ketoglutarate, various types of reactions take place, as dehydration, rehydration, and oxidative decarboxylation. In these chemical reactions some byproducts are obtained, the by-products contain the atoms or functional group broken from the actual reactant. This results in the loss of some amount of the substrates.

(e)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The data table shows that the pathway consumes citrate. If citrate acts as the catalyst it must be regenerated because catalyst takes part in the pathways at multiple steps.

This pathway first consumes the citrate and then regenerates it. It is clear that the pathway is cyclic rather than linear, because the linear pathway consumes any substrate for once and cannot regenerate it.

(f)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The product obtained from the conversion of citrate in the given pathway and the reason behind the consumption of oxygen by the sample.

Introduction:

α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase is inhibited by arsenate and succinate dehydrogenase is inhibited by malonate. α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase inhibition causes failure in production of succinyl CoA and inhibition in succinate dehydrogenase causes failure of production of fumarate.

(f)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Citrate converts into isocitrate which eventually converts into α-ketoglutarate. The inhibition in the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase enzyme activity restricts the cycle at α-ketoglutarate.

Oxygen is consumed by the sample for the reoxidation of NADH. NADH is produced at three steps of citric acid cycle. First, it is produced during the conversion of isocitrate into α-ketoglutarate, then it is produced during conversion of α-ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA, and the third step of NADH production is the conversion of malate into oxaloacetate.

As arsenate inhibits the activity of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase the conversion of α-ketoglutarate does not occur. Oxygen is consumed for the reoxidation of NADH at the step of conversion of isocitrate into α-ketoglutarate.

(g)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The order of intermediates obtained in the citric acid cycle on the basis of data given and to compare it with the citric acid cycle.

Introduction:

Addition of oxaloacetate stimulates the consumption of oxygen many times. Oxaloacetate is the important part of citric acid cycle. Addition of these substances stimulates the citric acid cycle hence consumption of oxygen increases.

(g)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Based on the data given, the correct order of intermediate obtained in the citric acid cycle is depicted in the Fig.1 “The cyclic order of intermediate obtained”.

The cycle of intermediates obtained from the data is different from the original citric acid cycle, as the cycle shown in Fig.1 does not contain acetyl CoA, cis-aconitase, isocitrate, and succinyl CoA.

Pictorial representation: Fig.1 shows the cycle of the intermediates obtained.

Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, Chapter 16, Problem 35DAP

Fig.1: The cyclic order of intermediate obtained.

(h)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The importance of quantitative conversion of citrate to α-ketoglutarate.

Introduction:

In the citric acid cycle when citrate converts into α-ketoglutarate, various types of reactions take place, as dehydration, rehydration, and oxidative decarboxylation. In these chemical reactions some byproducts are obtained, the by-products contain the atoms or functional group broken from the actual reactant. This results in the loss of some amount of the substrates.

(h)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Some citric acid cycle intermediates get involve with the other pathways in the form of catalyst or the reactants, thus it losses some amount of important atoms and molecules.

Quantitative conversion of citrate into α-ketoglutarate is important to ongoing pathway not to get clubbed or complexed with some other pathways.

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Answer 2

Question

Definition Definition Set of metabolic processes and reactions that produce energy from organic substances such as glucose. Cellular respiration takes place in the organism’s cells, where the chemical energy from nutrients or molecules of oxygen is converted into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Cellular respiration that occurs in the presence of oxygen is called aerobic respiration; in the absence of oxygen, it is called anaerobic respiration.

Chapter 16, Problem 35DAP

(a)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The reason why oxygen consumption is a good measure of cellular respiration.

Introduction:

Amount of oxygen consumed is the measurement of activity of two stages of cellular respiration. These stages are: Citric acid cycle or TCA cycle which is an aerobic process, and glycolysis which is an anaerobic process. Oxaloacetate (OAA) and malate are the important part of citric acid cycle. In the given scenario sample of pigeon breast muscles were used to determine the oxygen consumption.

(a)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The amount of oxygen consumed serves as a good measurement of cellular respiration because the reactions taking place in the pigeon breast muscles use the good amount of oxygen to perform the cellular actions. The consumption of oxygen by the cells depends on the rate of the activity of the cells.

If the oxygen is being consumed on a constant rate then the metabolic conditions of the cells are normal but abnormality in the metabolic conditions of the cells causes irregular consumption of oxygen.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The reason of some oxygen consumed by supplemented muscle tissues (sample 1).

Introduction:

The plants are capable in deriving the source from the direct sunlight, but other organisms such as human being or birds are not capable in obtaining energy from the sunlight. To generate energy the cells of such organisms perform the oxidation of glucose through various cycles.

(b)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The sample obtained from the muscle tissues contains some amount of residual glucose. Residual glucose refers to the amount of glucose left over after several processes such as evaporation, filtration or distillation.

The residual glucose can initiate the oxidative phosphorylation by the help of other sugars and glycerol obtained from fats. Therefore the glucose residue is responsible for the oxygen consumption in the cells.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine: After examining the results of sample 2 and 3, whether 1- phosphoglycerol and citrate can be determined as the substrates for cellular respiration.

Introduction:

Oxygen is the prime requirement of the cells to perform the cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is performed by the cells to obtain energy. Respiration in the cells takes place in various steps in the form of cycles: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

(c)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

1-Phosphoglycerol is an intermediate of glycolysis cycle. It is obtained from the reduction of dihydroxy acetone phosphate. Citrate is an intermediate of citric acid cycle. It is the first product of the cycle obtained from the combination of oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA.

Addition of these substances in the cycle can increase the amount of oxygen consumption in the cellular respiration. So, these substances can be considered as the substrates of the cellular respiration.

(d)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether citrate is catalytic for the metabolism of 1-phosphoglycerol, use the data for the determination of the result.

Introduction:

Citrate is an intermediate of citric acid cycle and addition of citrate increases the oxygen consumption. In the citric acid cycle when citrate converts into α-ketoglutarate, various types of reactions take place, as dehydration, rehydration, and oxidative decarboxylation. In these chemical reactions some byproducts are obtained, the by-products contain the atoms or functional group broken from the actual reactant. This results in the loss of some amount of the substrates.

(d)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Experiment 1 depicts that citrate is consuming more oxygen than expected. Citrate follows the characteristic of a catalyst that it takes part in the reaction more than once.

Experiment 2 depicts that with the addition of citrate and 1-phosphoglycerol the consumption of oxygen increases multi folds.

Data in the table shows that excess oxygen consumed by citrate is 89 µL and oxygen consumed by 1-phosphoglycerol is 415 µL, the additional product of both gives 504 µL.

When 0.15 mL of 0.2 M citrate and 0.3 mL of 0.2 M 1-phosphoglycerol are added then oxygen consumption is 1043 µL.

The difference between 1043 µL and 504 µL is 539 µL. This huge difference in the oxygen consumption is because of the citrate activity. The large difference in the amount of oxygen consumed shows the catalytic activity of citrate.

Tabular representation: The Table.1 shows the consumption of excess oxygen.

Table 1: The consumption of excess oxygen.

Sample	Added Substrate	Absorbed amount of O₂ in μL	Excess amount of O₂ consumed in μL
1	no addition of extra substrate	342	0
2	0.3 mL of 0.2 M 1-phosphoglycerol is added.	757	415
3	0.15 mL of 0.2 M citrate added	431	89
4	0.15 mL of 0.2 M citrate and 0.3 mL of 0.2 M 1-phosphoglycerol are added.	1385	1043

(e)

Summary Introduction

To discuss: Whether the citrate was regenerated in the whole process so the reactions occurred in cyclic manner rather than linear pathway.

Introduction:

In the citric acid cycle when citrate converts into α-ketoglutarate, various types of reactions take place, as dehydration, rehydration, and oxidative decarboxylation. In these chemical reactions some byproducts are obtained, the by-products contain the atoms or functional group broken from the actual reactant. This results in the loss of some amount of the substrates.

(e)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The data table shows that the pathway consumes citrate. If citrate acts as the catalyst it must be regenerated because catalyst takes part in the pathways at multiple steps.

This pathway first consumes the citrate and then regenerates it. It is clear that the pathway is cyclic rather than linear, because the linear pathway consumes any substrate for once and cannot regenerate it.

(f)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The product obtained from the conversion of citrate in the given pathway and the reason behind the consumption of oxygen by the sample.

Introduction:

α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase is inhibited by arsenate and succinate dehydrogenase is inhibited by malonate. α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase inhibition causes failure in production of succinyl CoA and inhibition in succinate dehydrogenase causes failure of production of fumarate.

(f)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Citrate converts into isocitrate which eventually converts into α-ketoglutarate. The inhibition in the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase enzyme activity restricts the cycle at α-ketoglutarate.

Oxygen is consumed by the sample for the reoxidation of NADH. NADH is produced at three steps of citric acid cycle. First, it is produced during the conversion of isocitrate into α-ketoglutarate, then it is produced during conversion of α-ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA, and the third step of NADH production is the conversion of malate into oxaloacetate.

As arsenate inhibits the activity of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase the conversion of α-ketoglutarate does not occur. Oxygen is consumed for the reoxidation of NADH at the step of conversion of isocitrate into α-ketoglutarate.

(g)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The order of intermediates obtained in the citric acid cycle on the basis of data given and to compare it with the citric acid cycle.

Introduction:

Addition of oxaloacetate stimulates the consumption of oxygen many times. Oxaloacetate is the important part of citric acid cycle. Addition of these substances stimulates the citric acid cycle hence consumption of oxygen increases.

(g)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Based on the data given, the correct order of intermediate obtained in the citric acid cycle is depicted in the Fig.1 “The cyclic order of intermediate obtained”.

The cycle of intermediates obtained from the data is different from the original citric acid cycle, as the cycle shown in Fig.1 does not contain acetyl CoA, cis-aconitase, isocitrate, and succinyl CoA.

Pictorial representation: Fig.1 shows the cycle of the intermediates obtained.

Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, Chapter 16, Problem 35DAP

Fig.1: The cyclic order of intermediate obtained.

(h)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The importance of quantitative conversion of citrate to α-ketoglutarate.

Introduction:

In the citric acid cycle when citrate converts into α-ketoglutarate, various types of reactions take place, as dehydration, rehydration, and oxidative decarboxylation. In these chemical reactions some byproducts are obtained, the by-products contain the atoms or functional group broken from the actual reactant. This results in the loss of some amount of the substrates.

(h)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Some citric acid cycle intermediates get involve with the other pathways in the form of catalyst or the reactants, thus it losses some amount of important atoms and molecules.

Quantitative conversion of citrate into α-ketoglutarate is important to ongoing pathway not to get clubbed or complexed with some other pathways.

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Answer 3

Question

Definition Definition Set of metabolic processes and reactions that produce energy from organic substances such as glucose. Cellular respiration takes place in the organism’s cells, where the chemical energy from nutrients or molecules of oxygen is converted into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Cellular respiration that occurs in the presence of oxygen is called aerobic respiration; in the absence of oxygen, it is called anaerobic respiration.

Chapter 16, Problem 35DAP

(a)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The reason why oxygen consumption is a good measure of cellular respiration.

Introduction:

Amount of oxygen consumed is the measurement of activity of two stages of cellular respiration. These stages are: Citric acid cycle or TCA cycle which is an aerobic process, and glycolysis which is an anaerobic process. Oxaloacetate (OAA) and malate are the important part of citric acid cycle. In the given scenario sample of pigeon breast muscles were used to determine the oxygen consumption.

(a)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The amount of oxygen consumed serves as a good measurement of cellular respiration because the reactions taking place in the pigeon breast muscles use the good amount of oxygen to perform the cellular actions. The consumption of oxygen by the cells depends on the rate of the activity of the cells.

If the oxygen is being consumed on a constant rate then the metabolic conditions of the cells are normal but abnormality in the metabolic conditions of the cells causes irregular consumption of oxygen.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The reason of some oxygen consumed by supplemented muscle tissues (sample 1).

Introduction:

The plants are capable in deriving the source from the direct sunlight, but other organisms such as human being or birds are not capable in obtaining energy from the sunlight. To generate energy the cells of such organisms perform the oxidation of glucose through various cycles.

(b)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The sample obtained from the muscle tissues contains some amount of residual glucose. Residual glucose refers to the amount of glucose left over after several processes such as evaporation, filtration or distillation.

The residual glucose can initiate the oxidative phosphorylation by the help of other sugars and glycerol obtained from fats. Therefore the glucose residue is responsible for the oxygen consumption in the cells.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine: After examining the results of sample 2 and 3, whether 1- phosphoglycerol and citrate can be determined as the substrates for cellular respiration.

Introduction:

Oxygen is the prime requirement of the cells to perform the cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is performed by the cells to obtain energy. Respiration in the cells takes place in various steps in the form of cycles: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

(c)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

1-Phosphoglycerol is an intermediate of glycolysis cycle. It is obtained from the reduction of dihydroxy acetone phosphate. Citrate is an intermediate of citric acid cycle. It is the first product of the cycle obtained from the combination of oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA.

Addition of these substances in the cycle can increase the amount of oxygen consumption in the cellular respiration. So, these substances can be considered as the substrates of the cellular respiration.

(d)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether citrate is catalytic for the metabolism of 1-phosphoglycerol, use the data for the determination of the result.

Introduction:

Citrate is an intermediate of citric acid cycle and addition of citrate increases the oxygen consumption. In the citric acid cycle when citrate converts into α-ketoglutarate, various types of reactions take place, as dehydration, rehydration, and oxidative decarboxylation. In these chemical reactions some byproducts are obtained, the by-products contain the atoms or functional group broken from the actual reactant. This results in the loss of some amount of the substrates.

(d)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Experiment 1 depicts that citrate is consuming more oxygen than expected. Citrate follows the characteristic of a catalyst that it takes part in the reaction more than once.

Experiment 2 depicts that with the addition of citrate and 1-phosphoglycerol the consumption of oxygen increases multi folds.

Data in the table shows that excess oxygen consumed by citrate is 89 µL and oxygen consumed by 1-phosphoglycerol is 415 µL, the additional product of both gives 504 µL.

When 0.15 mL of 0.2 M citrate and 0.3 mL of 0.2 M 1-phosphoglycerol are added then oxygen consumption is 1043 µL.

The difference between 1043 µL and 504 µL is 539 µL. This huge difference in the oxygen consumption is because of the citrate activity. The large difference in the amount of oxygen consumed shows the catalytic activity of citrate.

Tabular representation: The Table.1 shows the consumption of excess oxygen.

Table 1: The consumption of excess oxygen.

Sample	Added Substrate	Absorbed amount of O₂ in μL	Excess amount of O₂ consumed in μL
1	no addition of extra substrate	342	0
2	0.3 mL of 0.2 M 1-phosphoglycerol is added.	757	415
3	0.15 mL of 0.2 M citrate added	431	89
4	0.15 mL of 0.2 M citrate and 0.3 mL of 0.2 M 1-phosphoglycerol are added.	1385	1043

(e)

Summary Introduction

To discuss: Whether the citrate was regenerated in the whole process so the reactions occurred in cyclic manner rather than linear pathway.

Introduction:

In the citric acid cycle when citrate converts into α-ketoglutarate, various types of reactions take place, as dehydration, rehydration, and oxidative decarboxylation. In these chemical reactions some byproducts are obtained, the by-products contain the atoms or functional group broken from the actual reactant. This results in the loss of some amount of the substrates.

(e)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The data table shows that the pathway consumes citrate. If citrate acts as the catalyst it must be regenerated because catalyst takes part in the pathways at multiple steps.

This pathway first consumes the citrate and then regenerates it. It is clear that the pathway is cyclic rather than linear, because the linear pathway consumes any substrate for once and cannot regenerate it.

(f)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The product obtained from the conversion of citrate in the given pathway and the reason behind the consumption of oxygen by the sample.

Introduction:

α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase is inhibited by arsenate and succinate dehydrogenase is inhibited by malonate. α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase inhibition causes failure in production of succinyl CoA and inhibition in succinate dehydrogenase causes failure of production of fumarate.

(f)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Citrate converts into isocitrate which eventually converts into α-ketoglutarate. The inhibition in the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase enzyme activity restricts the cycle at α-ketoglutarate.

Oxygen is consumed by the sample for the reoxidation of NADH. NADH is produced at three steps of citric acid cycle. First, it is produced during the conversion of isocitrate into α-ketoglutarate, then it is produced during conversion of α-ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA, and the third step of NADH production is the conversion of malate into oxaloacetate.

As arsenate inhibits the activity of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase the conversion of α-ketoglutarate does not occur. Oxygen is consumed for the reoxidation of NADH at the step of conversion of isocitrate into α-ketoglutarate.

(g)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The order of intermediates obtained in the citric acid cycle on the basis of data given and to compare it with the citric acid cycle.

Introduction:

Addition of oxaloacetate stimulates the consumption of oxygen many times. Oxaloacetate is the important part of citric acid cycle. Addition of these substances stimulates the citric acid cycle hence consumption of oxygen increases.

(g)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Based on the data given, the correct order of intermediate obtained in the citric acid cycle is depicted in the Fig.1 “The cyclic order of intermediate obtained”.

The cycle of intermediates obtained from the data is different from the original citric acid cycle, as the cycle shown in Fig.1 does not contain acetyl CoA, cis-aconitase, isocitrate, and succinyl CoA.

Pictorial representation: Fig.1 shows the cycle of the intermediates obtained.

Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, Chapter 16, Problem 35DAP

Fig.1: The cyclic order of intermediate obtained.

(h)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The importance of quantitative conversion of citrate to α-ketoglutarate.

Introduction:

In the citric acid cycle when citrate converts into α-ketoglutarate, various types of reactions take place, as dehydration, rehydration, and oxidative decarboxylation. In these chemical reactions some byproducts are obtained, the by-products contain the atoms or functional group broken from the actual reactant. This results in the loss of some amount of the substrates.

(h)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Some citric acid cycle intermediates get involve with the other pathways in the form of catalyst or the reactants, thus it losses some amount of important atoms and molecules.

Quantitative conversion of citrate into α-ketoglutarate is important to ongoing pathway not to get clubbed or complexed with some other pathways.

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Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Set of metabolic processes and reactions that produce energy from organic substances such as glucose. Cellular respiration takes place in the organism’s cells, where the chemical energy from nutrients or molecules of oxygen is converted into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Cellular respiration that occurs in the presence of oxygen is called aerobic respiration; in the absence of oxygen, it is called anaerobic respiration.

Chapter 16, Problem 35DAP

(a)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The reason why oxygen consumption is a good measure of cellular respiration.

Introduction:

Amount of oxygen consumed is the measurement of activity of two stages of cellular respiration. These stages are: Citric acid cycle or TCA cycle which is an aerobic process, and glycolysis which is an anaerobic process. Oxaloacetate (OAA) and malate are the important part of citric acid cycle. In the given scenario sample of pigeon breast muscles were used to determine the oxygen consumption.

(a)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The amount of oxygen consumed serves as a good measurement of cellular respiration because the reactions taking place in the pigeon breast muscles use the good amount of oxygen to perform the cellular actions. The consumption of oxygen by the cells depends on the rate of the activity of the cells.

If the oxygen is being consumed on a constant rate then the metabolic conditions of the cells are normal but abnormality in the metabolic conditions of the cells causes irregular consumption of oxygen.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The reason of some oxygen consumed by supplemented muscle tissues (sample 1).

Introduction:

The plants are capable in deriving the source from the direct sunlight, but other organisms such as human being or birds are not capable in obtaining energy from the sunlight. To generate energy the cells of such organisms perform the oxidation of glucose through various cycles.

(b)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The sample obtained from the muscle tissues contains some amount of residual glucose. Residual glucose refers to the amount of glucose left over after several processes such as evaporation, filtration or distillation.

The residual glucose can initiate the oxidative phosphorylation by the help of other sugars and glycerol obtained from fats. Therefore the glucose residue is responsible for the oxygen consumption in the cells.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine: After examining the results of sample 2 and 3, whether 1- phosphoglycerol and citrate can be determined as the substrates for cellular respiration.

Introduction:

Oxygen is the prime requirement of the cells to perform the cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is performed by the cells to obtain energy. Respiration in the cells takes place in various steps in the form of cycles: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

(c)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

1-Phosphoglycerol is an intermediate of glycolysis cycle. It is obtained from the reduction of dihydroxy acetone phosphate. Citrate is an intermediate of citric acid cycle. It is the first product of the cycle obtained from the combination of oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA.

Addition of these substances in the cycle can increase the amount of oxygen consumption in the cellular respiration. So, these substances can be considered as the substrates of the cellular respiration.

(d)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether citrate is catalytic for the metabolism of 1-phosphoglycerol, use the data for the determination of the result.

Introduction:

Citrate is an intermediate of citric acid cycle and addition of citrate increases the oxygen consumption. In the citric acid cycle when citrate converts into α-ketoglutarate, various types of reactions take place, as dehydration, rehydration, and oxidative decarboxylation. In these chemical reactions some byproducts are obtained, the by-products contain the atoms or functional group broken from the actual reactant. This results in the loss of some amount of the substrates.

(d)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Experiment 1 depicts that citrate is consuming more oxygen than expected. Citrate follows the characteristic of a catalyst that it takes part in the reaction more than once.

Experiment 2 depicts that with the addition of citrate and 1-phosphoglycerol the consumption of oxygen increases multi folds.

Data in the table shows that excess oxygen consumed by citrate is 89 µL and oxygen consumed by 1-phosphoglycerol is 415 µL, the additional product of both gives 504 µL.

When 0.15 mL of 0.2 M citrate and 0.3 mL of 0.2 M 1-phosphoglycerol are added then oxygen consumption is 1043 µL.

The difference between 1043 µL and 504 µL is 539 µL. This huge difference in the oxygen consumption is because of the citrate activity. The large difference in the amount of oxygen consumed shows the catalytic activity of citrate.

Tabular representation: The Table.1 shows the consumption of excess oxygen.

Table 1: The consumption of excess oxygen.

Sample	Added Substrate	Absorbed amount of O₂ in μL	Excess amount of O₂ consumed in μL
1	no addition of extra substrate	342	0
2	0.3 mL of 0.2 M 1-phosphoglycerol is added.	757	415
3	0.15 mL of 0.2 M citrate added	431	89
4	0.15 mL of 0.2 M citrate and 0.3 mL of 0.2 M 1-phosphoglycerol are added.	1385	1043

(e)

Summary Introduction

To discuss: Whether the citrate was regenerated in the whole process so the reactions occurred in cyclic manner rather than linear pathway.

Introduction:

In the citric acid cycle when citrate converts into α-ketoglutarate, various types of reactions take place, as dehydration, rehydration, and oxidative decarboxylation. In these chemical reactions some byproducts are obtained, the by-products contain the atoms or functional group broken from the actual reactant. This results in the loss of some amount of the substrates.

(e)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The data table shows that the pathway consumes citrate. If citrate acts as the catalyst it must be regenerated because catalyst takes part in the pathways at multiple steps.

This pathway first consumes the citrate and then regenerates it. It is clear that the pathway is cyclic rather than linear, because the linear pathway consumes any substrate for once and cannot regenerate it.

(f)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The product obtained from the conversion of citrate in the given pathway and the reason behind the consumption of oxygen by the sample.

Introduction:

α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase is inhibited by arsenate and succinate dehydrogenase is inhibited by malonate. α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase inhibition causes failure in production of succinyl CoA and inhibition in succinate dehydrogenase causes failure of production of fumarate.

(f)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Citrate converts into isocitrate which eventually converts into α-ketoglutarate. The inhibition in the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase enzyme activity restricts the cycle at α-ketoglutarate.

Oxygen is consumed by the sample for the reoxidation of NADH. NADH is produced at three steps of citric acid cycle. First, it is produced during the conversion of isocitrate into α-ketoglutarate, then it is produced during conversion of α-ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA, and the third step of NADH production is the conversion of malate into oxaloacetate.

As arsenate inhibits the activity of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase the conversion of α-ketoglutarate does not occur. Oxygen is consumed for the reoxidation of NADH at the step of conversion of isocitrate into α-ketoglutarate.

(g)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The order of intermediates obtained in the citric acid cycle on the basis of data given and to compare it with the citric acid cycle.

Introduction:

Addition of oxaloacetate stimulates the consumption of oxygen many times. Oxaloacetate is the important part of citric acid cycle. Addition of these substances stimulates the citric acid cycle hence consumption of oxygen increases.

(g)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Based on the data given, the correct order of intermediate obtained in the citric acid cycle is depicted in the Fig.1 “The cyclic order of intermediate obtained”.

The cycle of intermediates obtained from the data is different from the original citric acid cycle, as the cycle shown in Fig.1 does not contain acetyl CoA, cis-aconitase, isocitrate, and succinyl CoA.

Pictorial representation: Fig.1 shows the cycle of the intermediates obtained.

Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, Chapter 16, Problem 35DAP

Fig.1: The cyclic order of intermediate obtained.

(h)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The importance of quantitative conversion of citrate to α-ketoglutarate.

Introduction:

In the citric acid cycle when citrate converts into α-ketoglutarate, various types of reactions take place, as dehydration, rehydration, and oxidative decarboxylation. In these chemical reactions some byproducts are obtained, the by-products contain the atoms or functional group broken from the actual reactant. This results in the loss of some amount of the substrates.

(h)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Some citric acid cycle intermediates get involve with the other pathways in the form of catalyst or the reactants, thus it losses some amount of important atoms and molecules.

Quantitative conversion of citrate into α-ketoglutarate is important to ongoing pathway not to get clubbed or complexed with some other pathways.

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Answer 5

Chapter 16, Problem 35DAP

(a)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The reason why oxygen consumption is a good measure of cellular respiration.

Introduction:

Amount of oxygen consumed is the measurement of activity of two stages of cellular respiration. These stages are: Citric acid cycle or TCA cycle which is an aerobic process, and glycolysis which is an anaerobic process. Oxaloacetate (OAA) and malate are the important part of citric acid cycle. In the given scenario sample of pigeon breast muscles were used to determine the oxygen consumption.

(a)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The amount of oxygen consumed serves as a good measurement of cellular respiration because the reactions taking place in the pigeon breast muscles use the good amount of oxygen to perform the cellular actions. The consumption of oxygen by the cells depends on the rate of the activity of the cells.

If the oxygen is being consumed on a constant rate then the metabolic conditions of the cells are normal but abnormality in the metabolic conditions of the cells causes irregular consumption of oxygen.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The reason of some oxygen consumed by supplemented muscle tissues (sample 1).

Introduction:

The plants are capable in deriving the source from the direct sunlight, but other organisms such as human being or birds are not capable in obtaining energy from the sunlight. To generate energy the cells of such organisms perform the oxidation of glucose through various cycles.

(b)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The sample obtained from the muscle tissues contains some amount of residual glucose. Residual glucose refers to the amount of glucose left over after several processes such as evaporation, filtration or distillation.

The residual glucose can initiate the oxidative phosphorylation by the help of other sugars and glycerol obtained from fats. Therefore the glucose residue is responsible for the oxygen consumption in the cells.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine: After examining the results of sample 2 and 3, whether 1- phosphoglycerol and citrate can be determined as the substrates for cellular respiration.

Introduction:

Oxygen is the prime requirement of the cells to perform the cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is performed by the cells to obtain energy. Respiration in the cells takes place in various steps in the form of cycles: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

(c)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

1-Phosphoglycerol is an intermediate of glycolysis cycle. It is obtained from the reduction of dihydroxy acetone phosphate. Citrate is an intermediate of citric acid cycle. It is the first product of the cycle obtained from the combination of oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA.

Addition of these substances in the cycle can increase the amount of oxygen consumption in the cellular respiration. So, these substances can be considered as the substrates of the cellular respiration.

(d)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether citrate is catalytic for the metabolism of 1-phosphoglycerol, use the data for the determination of the result.

Introduction:

Citrate is an intermediate of citric acid cycle and addition of citrate increases the oxygen consumption. In the citric acid cycle when citrate converts into α-ketoglutarate, various types of reactions take place, as dehydration, rehydration, and oxidative decarboxylation. In these chemical reactions some byproducts are obtained, the by-products contain the atoms or functional group broken from the actual reactant. This results in the loss of some amount of the substrates.

(d)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Experiment 1 depicts that citrate is consuming more oxygen than expected. Citrate follows the characteristic of a catalyst that it takes part in the reaction more than once.

Experiment 2 depicts that with the addition of citrate and 1-phosphoglycerol the consumption of oxygen increases multi folds.

Data in the table shows that excess oxygen consumed by citrate is 89 µL and oxygen consumed by 1-phosphoglycerol is 415 µL, the additional product of both gives 504 µL.

When 0.15 mL of 0.2 M citrate and 0.3 mL of 0.2 M 1-phosphoglycerol are added then oxygen consumption is 1043 µL.

The difference between 1043 µL and 504 µL is 539 µL. This huge difference in the oxygen consumption is because of the citrate activity. The large difference in the amount of oxygen consumed shows the catalytic activity of citrate.

Tabular representation: The Table.1 shows the consumption of excess oxygen.

Table 1: The consumption of excess oxygen.

Sample	Added Substrate	Absorbed amount of O₂ in μL	Excess amount of O₂ consumed in μL
1	no addition of extra substrate	342	0
2	0.3 mL of 0.2 M 1-phosphoglycerol is added.	757	415
3	0.15 mL of 0.2 M citrate added	431	89
4	0.15 mL of 0.2 M citrate and 0.3 mL of 0.2 M 1-phosphoglycerol are added.	1385	1043

(e)

Summary Introduction

To discuss: Whether the citrate was regenerated in the whole process so the reactions occurred in cyclic manner rather than linear pathway.

Introduction:

In the citric acid cycle when citrate converts into α-ketoglutarate, various types of reactions take place, as dehydration, rehydration, and oxidative decarboxylation. In these chemical reactions some byproducts are obtained, the by-products contain the atoms or functional group broken from the actual reactant. This results in the loss of some amount of the substrates.

(e)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The data table shows that the pathway consumes citrate. If citrate acts as the catalyst it must be regenerated because catalyst takes part in the pathways at multiple steps.

This pathway first consumes the citrate and then regenerates it. It is clear that the pathway is cyclic rather than linear, because the linear pathway consumes any substrate for once and cannot regenerate it.

(f)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The product obtained from the conversion of citrate in the given pathway and the reason behind the consumption of oxygen by the sample.

Introduction:

α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase is inhibited by arsenate and succinate dehydrogenase is inhibited by malonate. α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase inhibition causes failure in production of succinyl CoA and inhibition in succinate dehydrogenase causes failure of production of fumarate.

(f)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Citrate converts into isocitrate which eventually converts into α-ketoglutarate. The inhibition in the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase enzyme activity restricts the cycle at α-ketoglutarate.

Oxygen is consumed by the sample for the reoxidation of NADH. NADH is produced at three steps of citric acid cycle. First, it is produced during the conversion of isocitrate into α-ketoglutarate, then it is produced during conversion of α-ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA, and the third step of NADH production is the conversion of malate into oxaloacetate.

As arsenate inhibits the activity of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase the conversion of α-ketoglutarate does not occur. Oxygen is consumed for the reoxidation of NADH at the step of conversion of isocitrate into α-ketoglutarate.

(g)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The order of intermediates obtained in the citric acid cycle on the basis of data given and to compare it with the citric acid cycle.

Introduction:

Addition of oxaloacetate stimulates the consumption of oxygen many times. Oxaloacetate is the important part of citric acid cycle. Addition of these substances stimulates the citric acid cycle hence consumption of oxygen increases.

(g)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Based on the data given, the correct order of intermediate obtained in the citric acid cycle is depicted in the Fig.1 “The cyclic order of intermediate obtained”.

The cycle of intermediates obtained from the data is different from the original citric acid cycle, as the cycle shown in Fig.1 does not contain acetyl CoA, cis-aconitase, isocitrate, and succinyl CoA.

Pictorial representation: Fig.1 shows the cycle of the intermediates obtained.

Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, Chapter 16, Problem 35DAP

Fig.1: The cyclic order of intermediate obtained.

(h)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The importance of quantitative conversion of citrate to α-ketoglutarate.

Introduction:

In the citric acid cycle when citrate converts into α-ketoglutarate, various types of reactions take place, as dehydration, rehydration, and oxidative decarboxylation. In these chemical reactions some byproducts are obtained, the by-products contain the atoms or functional group broken from the actual reactant. This results in the loss of some amount of the substrates.

(h)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Some citric acid cycle intermediates get involve with the other pathways in the form of catalyst or the reactants, thus it losses some amount of important atoms and molecules.

Quantitative conversion of citrate into α-ketoglutarate is important to ongoing pathway not to get clubbed or complexed with some other pathways.

Answer 6

Chapter 16, Problem 35DAP

(a)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The reason why oxygen consumption is a good measure of cellular respiration.

Introduction:

Amount of oxygen consumed is the measurement of activity of two stages of cellular respiration. These stages are: Citric acid cycle or TCA cycle which is an aerobic process, and glycolysis which is an anaerobic process. Oxaloacetate (OAA) and malate are the important part of citric acid cycle. In the given scenario sample of pigeon breast muscles were used to determine the oxygen consumption.

(a)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The amount of oxygen consumed serves as a good measurement of cellular respiration because the reactions taking place in the pigeon breast muscles use the good amount of oxygen to perform the cellular actions. The consumption of oxygen by the cells depends on the rate of the activity of the cells.

If the oxygen is being consumed on a constant rate then the metabolic conditions of the cells are normal but abnormality in the metabolic conditions of the cells causes irregular consumption of oxygen.

Answer 7

Chapter 16, Problem 35DAP

(a)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The reason why oxygen consumption is a good measure of cellular respiration.

Introduction:

Amount of oxygen consumed is the measurement of activity of two stages of cellular respiration. These stages are: Citric acid cycle or TCA cycle which is an aerobic process, and glycolysis which is an anaerobic process. Oxaloacetate (OAA) and malate are the important part of citric acid cycle. In the given scenario sample of pigeon breast muscles were used to determine the oxygen consumption.

Answer 8

(a)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The amount of oxygen consumed serves as a good measurement of cellular respiration because the reactions taking place in the pigeon breast muscles use the good amount of oxygen to perform the cellular actions. The consumption of oxygen by the cells depends on the rate of the activity of the cells.

If the oxygen is being consumed on a constant rate then the metabolic conditions of the cells are normal but abnormality in the metabolic conditions of the cells causes irregular consumption of oxygen.

Answer 9

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer 10

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer 11

Expert Solution

Answer 12

(b)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The reason of some oxygen consumed by supplemented muscle tissues (sample 1).

Introduction:

The plants are capable in deriving the source from the direct sunlight, but other organisms such as human being or birds are not capable in obtaining energy from the sunlight. To generate energy the cells of such organisms perform the oxidation of glucose through various cycles.

(b)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The sample obtained from the muscle tissues contains some amount of residual glucose. Residual glucose refers to the amount of glucose left over after several processes such as evaporation, filtration or distillation.

The residual glucose can initiate the oxidative phosphorylation by the help of other sugars and glycerol obtained from fats. Therefore the glucose residue is responsible for the oxygen consumption in the cells.

Answer 13

(b)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The reason of some oxygen consumed by supplemented muscle tissues (sample 1).

Introduction:

The plants are capable in deriving the source from the direct sunlight, but other organisms such as human being or birds are not capable in obtaining energy from the sunlight. To generate energy the cells of such organisms perform the oxidation of glucose through various cycles.

Answer 14

(b)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The sample obtained from the muscle tissues contains some amount of residual glucose. Residual glucose refers to the amount of glucose left over after several processes such as evaporation, filtration or distillation.

The residual glucose can initiate the oxidative phosphorylation by the help of other sugars and glycerol obtained from fats. Therefore the glucose residue is responsible for the oxygen consumption in the cells.

Answer 15

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer 16

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer 17

Expert Solution

Answer 18

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine: After examining the results of sample 2 and 3, whether 1- phosphoglycerol and citrate can be determined as the substrates for cellular respiration.

Introduction:

Oxygen is the prime requirement of the cells to perform the cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is performed by the cells to obtain energy. Respiration in the cells takes place in various steps in the form of cycles: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

(c)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

1-Phosphoglycerol is an intermediate of glycolysis cycle. It is obtained from the reduction of dihydroxy acetone phosphate. Citrate is an intermediate of citric acid cycle. It is the first product of the cycle obtained from the combination of oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA.

Addition of these substances in the cycle can increase the amount of oxygen consumption in the cellular respiration. So, these substances can be considered as the substrates of the cellular respiration.

Answer 19

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine: After examining the results of sample 2 and 3, whether 1- phosphoglycerol and citrate can be determined as the substrates for cellular respiration.

Introduction:

Oxygen is the prime requirement of the cells to perform the cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is performed by the cells to obtain energy. Respiration in the cells takes place in various steps in the form of cycles: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

Answer 20

(c)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

1-Phosphoglycerol is an intermediate of glycolysis cycle. It is obtained from the reduction of dihydroxy acetone phosphate. Citrate is an intermediate of citric acid cycle. It is the first product of the cycle obtained from the combination of oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA.

Addition of these substances in the cycle can increase the amount of oxygen consumption in the cellular respiration. So, these substances can be considered as the substrates of the cellular respiration.

Answer 21

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer 22

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer 23

Expert Solution

Answer 24

(d)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether citrate is catalytic for the metabolism of 1-phosphoglycerol, use the data for the determination of the result.

Introduction:

Citrate is an intermediate of citric acid cycle and addition of citrate increases the oxygen consumption. In the citric acid cycle when citrate converts into α-ketoglutarate, various types of reactions take place, as dehydration, rehydration, and oxidative decarboxylation. In these chemical reactions some byproducts are obtained, the by-products contain the atoms or functional group broken from the actual reactant. This results in the loss of some amount of the substrates.

(d)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Experiment 1 depicts that citrate is consuming more oxygen than expected. Citrate follows the characteristic of a catalyst that it takes part in the reaction more than once.

Experiment 2 depicts that with the addition of citrate and 1-phosphoglycerol the consumption of oxygen increases multi folds.

Data in the table shows that excess oxygen consumed by citrate is 89 µL and oxygen consumed by 1-phosphoglycerol is 415 µL, the additional product of both gives 504 µL.

When 0.15 mL of 0.2 M citrate and 0.3 mL of 0.2 M 1-phosphoglycerol are added then oxygen consumption is 1043 µL.

The difference between 1043 µL and 504 µL is 539 µL. This huge difference in the oxygen consumption is because of the citrate activity. The large difference in the amount of oxygen consumed shows the catalytic activity of citrate.

Tabular representation: The Table.1 shows the consumption of excess oxygen.

Table 1: The consumption of excess oxygen.

Sample	Added Substrate	Absorbed amount of O₂ in μL	Excess amount of O₂ consumed in μL
1	no addition of extra substrate	342	0
2	0.3 mL of 0.2 M 1-phosphoglycerol is added.	757	415
3	0.15 mL of 0.2 M citrate added	431	89
4	0.15 mL of 0.2 M citrate and 0.3 mL of 0.2 M 1-phosphoglycerol are added.	1385	1043

Answer 25

(d)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether citrate is catalytic for the metabolism of 1-phosphoglycerol, use the data for the determination of the result.

Introduction:

Citrate is an intermediate of citric acid cycle and addition of citrate increases the oxygen consumption. In the citric acid cycle when citrate converts into α-ketoglutarate, various types of reactions take place, as dehydration, rehydration, and oxidative decarboxylation. In these chemical reactions some byproducts are obtained, the by-products contain the atoms or functional group broken from the actual reactant. This results in the loss of some amount of the substrates.

Answer 26

(d)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Experiment 1 depicts that citrate is consuming more oxygen than expected. Citrate follows the characteristic of a catalyst that it takes part in the reaction more than once.

Experiment 2 depicts that with the addition of citrate and 1-phosphoglycerol the consumption of oxygen increases multi folds.

Data in the table shows that excess oxygen consumed by citrate is 89 µL and oxygen consumed by 1-phosphoglycerol is 415 µL, the additional product of both gives 504 µL.

When 0.15 mL of 0.2 M citrate and 0.3 mL of 0.2 M 1-phosphoglycerol are added then oxygen consumption is 1043 µL.

The difference between 1043 µL and 504 µL is 539 µL. This huge difference in the oxygen consumption is because of the citrate activity. The large difference in the amount of oxygen consumed shows the catalytic activity of citrate.

Tabular representation: The Table.1 shows the consumption of excess oxygen.

Table 1: The consumption of excess oxygen.

Sample	Added Substrate	Absorbed amount of O₂ in μL	Excess amount of O₂ consumed in μL
1	no addition of extra substrate	342	0
2	0.3 mL of 0.2 M 1-phosphoglycerol is added.	757	415
3	0.15 mL of 0.2 M citrate added	431	89
4	0.15 mL of 0.2 M citrate and 0.3 mL of 0.2 M 1-phosphoglycerol are added.	1385	1043

Answer 27

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer 28

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer 29

Expert Solution

Answer 30

(e)

Summary Introduction

To discuss: Whether the citrate was regenerated in the whole process so the reactions occurred in cyclic manner rather than linear pathway.

Introduction:

In the citric acid cycle when citrate converts into α-ketoglutarate, various types of reactions take place, as dehydration, rehydration, and oxidative decarboxylation. In these chemical reactions some byproducts are obtained, the by-products contain the atoms or functional group broken from the actual reactant. This results in the loss of some amount of the substrates.

(e)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The data table shows that the pathway consumes citrate. If citrate acts as the catalyst it must be regenerated because catalyst takes part in the pathways at multiple steps.

This pathway first consumes the citrate and then regenerates it. It is clear that the pathway is cyclic rather than linear, because the linear pathway consumes any substrate for once and cannot regenerate it.

Answer 31

(e)

Summary Introduction

To discuss: Whether the citrate was regenerated in the whole process so the reactions occurred in cyclic manner rather than linear pathway.

Introduction:

In the citric acid cycle when citrate converts into α-ketoglutarate, various types of reactions take place, as dehydration, rehydration, and oxidative decarboxylation. In these chemical reactions some byproducts are obtained, the by-products contain the atoms or functional group broken from the actual reactant. This results in the loss of some amount of the substrates.

Answer 32

(e)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The data table shows that the pathway consumes citrate. If citrate acts as the catalyst it must be regenerated because catalyst takes part in the pathways at multiple steps.

This pathway first consumes the citrate and then regenerates it. It is clear that the pathway is cyclic rather than linear, because the linear pathway consumes any substrate for once and cannot regenerate it.

Answer 33

(e)

Expert Solution

Answer 34

(e)

Expert Solution

Answer 35

Expert Solution

Answer 36

(f)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The product obtained from the conversion of citrate in the given pathway and the reason behind the consumption of oxygen by the sample.

Introduction:

α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase is inhibited by arsenate and succinate dehydrogenase is inhibited by malonate. α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase inhibition causes failure in production of succinyl CoA and inhibition in succinate dehydrogenase causes failure of production of fumarate.

(f)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Citrate converts into isocitrate which eventually converts into α-ketoglutarate. The inhibition in the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase enzyme activity restricts the cycle at α-ketoglutarate.

Oxygen is consumed by the sample for the reoxidation of NADH. NADH is produced at three steps of citric acid cycle. First, it is produced during the conversion of isocitrate into α-ketoglutarate, then it is produced during conversion of α-ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA, and the third step of NADH production is the conversion of malate into oxaloacetate.

As arsenate inhibits the activity of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase the conversion of α-ketoglutarate does not occur. Oxygen is consumed for the reoxidation of NADH at the step of conversion of isocitrate into α-ketoglutarate.

Answer 37

(f)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The product obtained from the conversion of citrate in the given pathway and the reason behind the consumption of oxygen by the sample.

Introduction:

α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase is inhibited by arsenate and succinate dehydrogenase is inhibited by malonate. α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase inhibition causes failure in production of succinyl CoA and inhibition in succinate dehydrogenase causes failure of production of fumarate.

Answer 38

(f)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Citrate converts into isocitrate which eventually converts into α-ketoglutarate. The inhibition in the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase enzyme activity restricts the cycle at α-ketoglutarate.

Oxygen is consumed by the sample for the reoxidation of NADH. NADH is produced at three steps of citric acid cycle. First, it is produced during the conversion of isocitrate into α-ketoglutarate, then it is produced during conversion of α-ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA, and the third step of NADH production is the conversion of malate into oxaloacetate.

As arsenate inhibits the activity of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase the conversion of α-ketoglutarate does not occur. Oxygen is consumed for the reoxidation of NADH at the step of conversion of isocitrate into α-ketoglutarate.

Answer 39

(f)

Expert Solution

Answer 40

(f)

Expert Solution

Answer 41

Expert Solution

Answer 42

(g)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The order of intermediates obtained in the citric acid cycle on the basis of data given and to compare it with the citric acid cycle.

Introduction:

Addition of oxaloacetate stimulates the consumption of oxygen many times. Oxaloacetate is the important part of citric acid cycle. Addition of these substances stimulates the citric acid cycle hence consumption of oxygen increases.

(g)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Based on the data given, the correct order of intermediate obtained in the citric acid cycle is depicted in the Fig.1 “The cyclic order of intermediate obtained”.

The cycle of intermediates obtained from the data is different from the original citric acid cycle, as the cycle shown in Fig.1 does not contain acetyl CoA, cis-aconitase, isocitrate, and succinyl CoA.

Pictorial representation: Fig.1 shows the cycle of the intermediates obtained.

Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, Chapter 16, Problem 35DAP

Fig.1: The cyclic order of intermediate obtained.

Answer 43

(g)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The order of intermediates obtained in the citric acid cycle on the basis of data given and to compare it with the citric acid cycle.

Introduction:

Addition of oxaloacetate stimulates the consumption of oxygen many times. Oxaloacetate is the important part of citric acid cycle. Addition of these substances stimulates the citric acid cycle hence consumption of oxygen increases.

Answer 44

(g)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Based on the data given, the correct order of intermediate obtained in the citric acid cycle is depicted in the Fig.1 “The cyclic order of intermediate obtained”.

The cycle of intermediates obtained from the data is different from the original citric acid cycle, as the cycle shown in Fig.1 does not contain acetyl CoA, cis-aconitase, isocitrate, and succinyl CoA.

Pictorial representation: Fig.1 shows the cycle of the intermediates obtained.

Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, Chapter 16, Problem 35DAP

Fig.1: The cyclic order of intermediate obtained.

Answer 45

(g)

Expert Solution

Answer 46

(g)

Expert Solution

Answer 47

Expert Solution

Answer 48

(h)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The importance of quantitative conversion of citrate to α-ketoglutarate.

Introduction:

In the citric acid cycle when citrate converts into α-ketoglutarate, various types of reactions take place, as dehydration, rehydration, and oxidative decarboxylation. In these chemical reactions some byproducts are obtained, the by-products contain the atoms or functional group broken from the actual reactant. This results in the loss of some amount of the substrates.

(h)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Some citric acid cycle intermediates get involve with the other pathways in the form of catalyst or the reactants, thus it losses some amount of important atoms and molecules.

Quantitative conversion of citrate into α-ketoglutarate is important to ongoing pathway not to get clubbed or complexed with some other pathways.

Answer 49

(h)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The importance of quantitative conversion of citrate to α-ketoglutarate.

Introduction:

In the citric acid cycle when citrate converts into α-ketoglutarate, various types of reactions take place, as dehydration, rehydration, and oxidative decarboxylation. In these chemical reactions some byproducts are obtained, the by-products contain the atoms or functional group broken from the actual reactant. This results in the loss of some amount of the substrates.

Answer 50

(h)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Some citric acid cycle intermediates get involve with the other pathways in the form of catalyst or the reactants, thus it losses some amount of important atoms and molecules.

Quantitative conversion of citrate into α-ketoglutarate is important to ongoing pathway not to get clubbed or complexed with some other pathways.