Chapter 1.6, Problem 19PTS

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The electronic configurations of given ions are needed to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The orders in which orbitals are filled by the electrons are governed by three basic principles.

1. 1. Aufbau principle: In the ground state of an atom, an electron enters the orbital with lowest energy first and subsequent electrons are fed in the order of increasing energies ( $1s2s2p3s3p4s3d4p5s4d5p6s,etc$).
2. 2. Pauli’s exclusion principle: As an orbital can contain a maximum of only two electrons, the two electrons must have opposing spins.
3. 3. Hund’s rule: Every orbital in a subshell is singly occupied with one electron before any one orbital is paired and all electrons in singly occupied orbitals have the same spin.