The process by which ribosome recognizes the starting point for translation in eukaryotic cells and give reasons for the same. Introduction: Protein synthesis involves translation of mRNA into protein that requires three complex stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. For the translation process to be completed, it requires several elements, such as ribosomes, tRNA, initiation factor, elongation factor, start codon, stop codon, release factor and so on. Translation process is completed when the ribosome translocates to a stop codon. If any one of the component of translational machinery were omitted then the process of protein synthesis will be affected.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 15.3, Problem 41CQ

(a)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The process by which ribosome recognizes the starting point for translation in eukaryotic cells and give reasons for the same.

Introduction:

Protein synthesis involves translation of mRNA into protein that requires three complex stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. For the translation process to be completed, it requires several elements, such as ribosomes, tRNA, initiation factor, elongation factor, start codon, stop codon, release factor and so on. Translation process is completed when the ribosome translocates to a stop codon. If any one of the component of translational machinery were omitted then the process of protein synthesis will be affected.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The expected result, if the same experiment had been conducted on bacterial cells.

Introduction:

Protein synthesis involves translation of mRNA into protein that requires three complex stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. For the translation process to be completed, it requires several elements, such as ribosomes, tRNA, initiation factor, elongation factor, start codon, stop codon, release factor and so on. Translation process is completed when the ribosome translocates to a stop codon. If any one of the component of translational machinery were omitted then the process of protein synthesis will be affected.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The reason that some of proteins produced contained extra amino acids while others contained fewer amino acids.

Introduction:

Protein synthesis involves translation of mRNA into protein that requires three complex stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. For the translation process to be completed, it requires several elements, such as ribosomes, tRNA, initiation factor, elongation factor, start codon, stop codon, release factor and so on. Translation process is completed when the ribosome translocates to a stop codon. If any one of the component of translational machinery were omitted then the process of protein synthesis will be affected.

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A sample of blood was taken from the above individual and prepared for haemoglobin analysis. However, when water was added the cells did not lyse and looked normal in size and shape. The technician suspected that they had may have made an error in the protocol – what is the most likely explanation? The cell membranes are more resistant than normal. An isotonic solution had been added instead of water. A solution of 0.1 M NaCl had been added instead of water. Not enough water had been added to the red blood cell pellet. The man had sickle-cell anaemia.

With reference to their absorption spectra of the oxy haemoglobin intact line) and deoxyhemoglobin (broken line) shown in Figure 2 below, how would you best explain the reason why there are differences in the major peaks of the spectra? Figure 2. SPECTRA OF OXYGENATED AND DEOXYGENATED HAEMOGLOBIN OBTAINED WITH THE RECORDING SPECTROPHOTOMETER 1.4 Abs < 0.8 06 0.4 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 nm 1. The difference in the spectra is due to a pH change in the deoxy-haemoglobin due to uptake of CO2- 2. There is more oxygen-carrying plasma in the oxy-haemoglobin sample. 3. The change in Mr due to oxygen binding causes the oxy haemoglobin to have a higher absorbance peak. 4. Oxy-haemoglobin is contaminated by carbaminohemoglobin, and therefore has a higher absorbance peak 5. Oxy-haemoglobin absorbs more light of blue wavelengths and less of red wavelengths than deoxy-haemoglobin

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 15.3, Problem 41CQ

(a)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The process by which ribosome recognizes the starting point for translation in eukaryotic cells and give reasons for the same.

Introduction:

Protein synthesis involves translation of mRNA into protein that requires three complex stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. For the translation process to be completed, it requires several elements, such as ribosomes, tRNA, initiation factor, elongation factor, start codon, stop codon, release factor and so on. Translation process is completed when the ribosome translocates to a stop codon. If any one of the component of translational machinery were omitted then the process of protein synthesis will be affected.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The expected result, if the same experiment had been conducted on bacterial cells.

Introduction:

Protein synthesis involves translation of mRNA into protein that requires three complex stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. For the translation process to be completed, it requires several elements, such as ribosomes, tRNA, initiation factor, elongation factor, start codon, stop codon, release factor and so on. Translation process is completed when the ribosome translocates to a stop codon. If any one of the component of translational machinery were omitted then the process of protein synthesis will be affected.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The reason that some of proteins produced contained extra amino acids while others contained fewer amino acids.

Introduction:

Protein synthesis involves translation of mRNA into protein that requires three complex stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. For the translation process to be completed, it requires several elements, such as ribosomes, tRNA, initiation factor, elongation factor, start codon, stop codon, release factor and so on. Translation process is completed when the ribosome translocates to a stop codon. If any one of the component of translational machinery were omitted then the process of protein synthesis will be affected.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 15.3, Problem 41CQ

(a)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The process by which ribosome recognizes the starting point for translation in eukaryotic cells and give reasons for the same.

Introduction:

Protein synthesis involves translation of mRNA into protein that requires three complex stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. For the translation process to be completed, it requires several elements, such as ribosomes, tRNA, initiation factor, elongation factor, start codon, stop codon, release factor and so on. Translation process is completed when the ribosome translocates to a stop codon. If any one of the component of translational machinery were omitted then the process of protein synthesis will be affected.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The expected result, if the same experiment had been conducted on bacterial cells.

Introduction:

Protein synthesis involves translation of mRNA into protein that requires three complex stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. For the translation process to be completed, it requires several elements, such as ribosomes, tRNA, initiation factor, elongation factor, start codon, stop codon, release factor and so on. Translation process is completed when the ribosome translocates to a stop codon. If any one of the component of translational machinery were omitted then the process of protein synthesis will be affected.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The reason that some of proteins produced contained extra amino acids while others contained fewer amino acids.

Introduction:

Protein synthesis involves translation of mRNA into protein that requires three complex stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. For the translation process to be completed, it requires several elements, such as ribosomes, tRNA, initiation factor, elongation factor, start codon, stop codon, release factor and so on. Translation process is completed when the ribosome translocates to a stop codon. If any one of the component of translational machinery were omitted then the process of protein synthesis will be affected.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 15.3, Problem 41CQ

(a)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The process by which ribosome recognizes the starting point for translation in eukaryotic cells and give reasons for the same.

Introduction:

Protein synthesis involves translation of mRNA into protein that requires three complex stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. For the translation process to be completed, it requires several elements, such as ribosomes, tRNA, initiation factor, elongation factor, start codon, stop codon, release factor and so on. Translation process is completed when the ribosome translocates to a stop codon. If any one of the component of translational machinery were omitted then the process of protein synthesis will be affected.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The expected result, if the same experiment had been conducted on bacterial cells.

Introduction:

Protein synthesis involves translation of mRNA into protein that requires three complex stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. For the translation process to be completed, it requires several elements, such as ribosomes, tRNA, initiation factor, elongation factor, start codon, stop codon, release factor and so on. Translation process is completed when the ribosome translocates to a stop codon. If any one of the component of translational machinery were omitted then the process of protein synthesis will be affected.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The reason that some of proteins produced contained extra amino acids while others contained fewer amino acids.

Introduction:

Protein synthesis involves translation of mRNA into protein that requires three complex stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. For the translation process to be completed, it requires several elements, such as ribosomes, tRNA, initiation factor, elongation factor, start codon, stop codon, release factor and so on. Translation process is completed when the ribosome translocates to a stop codon. If any one of the component of translational machinery were omitted then the process of protein synthesis will be affected.

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Answer 5

Chapter 15.3, Problem 41CQ

(a)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The process by which ribosome recognizes the starting point for translation in eukaryotic cells and give reasons for the same.

Introduction:

Protein synthesis involves translation of mRNA into protein that requires three complex stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. For the translation process to be completed, it requires several elements, such as ribosomes, tRNA, initiation factor, elongation factor, start codon, stop codon, release factor and so on. Translation process is completed when the ribosome translocates to a stop codon. If any one of the component of translational machinery were omitted then the process of protein synthesis will be affected.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The expected result, if the same experiment had been conducted on bacterial cells.

Introduction:

Protein synthesis involves translation of mRNA into protein that requires three complex stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. For the translation process to be completed, it requires several elements, such as ribosomes, tRNA, initiation factor, elongation factor, start codon, stop codon, release factor and so on. Translation process is completed when the ribosome translocates to a stop codon. If any one of the component of translational machinery were omitted then the process of protein synthesis will be affected.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The reason that some of proteins produced contained extra amino acids while others contained fewer amino acids.

Introduction:

Protein synthesis involves translation of mRNA into protein that requires three complex stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. For the translation process to be completed, it requires several elements, such as ribosomes, tRNA, initiation factor, elongation factor, start codon, stop codon, release factor and so on. Translation process is completed when the ribosome translocates to a stop codon. If any one of the component of translational machinery were omitted then the process of protein synthesis will be affected.

Answer 6

Chapter 15.3, Problem 41CQ

(a)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The process by which ribosome recognizes the starting point for translation in eukaryotic cells and give reasons for the same.

Introduction:

Protein synthesis involves translation of mRNA into protein that requires three complex stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. For the translation process to be completed, it requires several elements, such as ribosomes, tRNA, initiation factor, elongation factor, start codon, stop codon, release factor and so on. Translation process is completed when the ribosome translocates to a stop codon. If any one of the component of translational machinery were omitted then the process of protein synthesis will be affected.

Answer 7

Chapter 15.3, Problem 41CQ

(a)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The process by which ribosome recognizes the starting point for translation in eukaryotic cells and give reasons for the same.

Introduction:

Protein synthesis involves translation of mRNA into protein that requires three complex stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. For the translation process to be completed, it requires several elements, such as ribosomes, tRNA, initiation factor, elongation factor, start codon, stop codon, release factor and so on. Translation process is completed when the ribosome translocates to a stop codon. If any one of the component of translational machinery were omitted then the process of protein synthesis will be affected.

Answer 8

(b)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The expected result, if the same experiment had been conducted on bacterial cells.

Introduction:

Protein synthesis involves translation of mRNA into protein that requires three complex stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. For the translation process to be completed, it requires several elements, such as ribosomes, tRNA, initiation factor, elongation factor, start codon, stop codon, release factor and so on. Translation process is completed when the ribosome translocates to a stop codon. If any one of the component of translational machinery were omitted then the process of protein synthesis will be affected.

Answer 9

(b)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The expected result, if the same experiment had been conducted on bacterial cells.

Introduction:

Protein synthesis involves translation of mRNA into protein that requires three complex stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. For the translation process to be completed, it requires several elements, such as ribosomes, tRNA, initiation factor, elongation factor, start codon, stop codon, release factor and so on. Translation process is completed when the ribosome translocates to a stop codon. If any one of the component of translational machinery were omitted then the process of protein synthesis will be affected.

Answer 10

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The reason that some of proteins produced contained extra amino acids while others contained fewer amino acids.

Introduction:

Protein synthesis involves translation of mRNA into protein that requires three complex stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. For the translation process to be completed, it requires several elements, such as ribosomes, tRNA, initiation factor, elongation factor, start codon, stop codon, release factor and so on. Translation process is completed when the ribosome translocates to a stop codon. If any one of the component of translational machinery were omitted then the process of protein synthesis will be affected.

Answer 11

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The reason that some of proteins produced contained extra amino acids while others contained fewer amino acids.

Introduction:

Protein synthesis involves translation of mRNA into protein that requires three complex stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. For the translation process to be completed, it requires several elements, such as ribosomes, tRNA, initiation factor, elongation factor, start codon, stop codon, release factor and so on. Translation process is completed when the ribosome translocates to a stop codon. If any one of the component of translational machinery were omitted then the process of protein synthesis will be affected.

Answer 12

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Answer 13

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Answer 14

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Answer 15

Ch. 15.1 - Prob. 16AQP Ch. 15.1 - Prob. 17AQP Ch. 15.1 - Prob. 1CC Ch. 15.1 - Prob. 1COQ Ch. 15.1 - Prob. 2CC Ch. 15.2 - Prob. 18AQP Ch. 15.2 - Prob. 19AQP Ch. 15.2 - Prob. 20AQP Ch. 15.2 - Prob. 21AQP Ch. 15.2 - Prob. 22AQP

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