Biology (MindTap Course List)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781337392938
Author: Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Textbook Question
Chapter 15.3, Problem 11LO
Discuss how qPCR, DNA microarrays (DNA chips), and RNA-seq analysis are used to compare levels of gene expression among normal versus diseased tissues.
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Microarrays can be used to determine relative levels of gene expression. In one type of microarray, hybridization of red (experimental) and green (control) labeled cDNAs is proportional to the relative amounts of mRNA in the samples. Red indicates the overexpression of a gene and green indicates the underexpression of a gene in the experimental cells relative to the control cells, yellow indicates equal expression in experimental and control cells, and no color indicates no expression in either experimental or control cells.
Microarrays can be used to determine relative levels of gene expression. In one type of microarray, hybridization of red (experimental) and green (control) labeled cDNAs is proportional to the relative amounts of mRNA in the samples. Red indicates the overexpression of a gene and green indicates the underexpression of a gene in the experimental cells relative to the control cells, yellow indicates equal expression in experimental and control cells, and no color indicates no expression in either experimental or control cells.In one experiment, mRNA from a strain of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (experimental cells) is converted into cDNA and labeled with red fluorescent nucleotides; mRNA from a nonresistant strain of the same bacteria (control cells) is converted into cDNA and labeled with green fluorescent nucleotides. The cDNAs from the resistant and nonresistant cells are mixed and hybridized to a chip containing spots of DNA from genes 1 through 25. The results are shown in the…
Summarize the basic steps in Differential Expression analysis starting with a directory of un-trimmed RNA-Seq reads and a genome. I’m looking for general descriptions of the steps, not code. Thank you!
Chapter 15 Solutions
Biology (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 15.1 - Prob. 1LOCh. 15.1 - Explain how gel electrophoresis is used to...Ch. 15.1 - Describe how PCR is used to amplify a specific...Ch. 15.1 - Compare the possible differences between a...Ch. 15.1 - Prob. 1CCh. 15.1 - Different forms of a protein are produced in the...Ch. 15.1 - What advantages does the PCR method have over gene...Ch. 15.2 - Describe the features of a typical CRISPR locus in...Ch. 15.2 - Explain the function of CRISPR in bacterial cells.Ch. 15.2 - Compare CRISPR-based endonucleases with...
Ch. 15.2 - Prob. 8LOCh. 15.2 - Prob. 1CCh. 15.2 - Prob. 2CCh. 15.2 - Prob. 3CCh. 15.3 - Prob. 9LOCh. 15.3 - Prob. 10LOCh. 15.3 - Discuss how qPCR, DNA microarrays (DNA chips), and...Ch. 15.3 - Explain how you would compare the expression of a...Ch. 15.3 - Prob. 2CCh. 15.4 - Describe how genome-wide association studies have...Ch. 15.4 - Explain how targeted gene silencing and knockout...Ch. 15.4 - Prob. 1CCh. 15.5 - Describe at least one important application of DNA...Ch. 15.5 - Prob. 1CCh. 15.5 - What are short tandem repeats (STRs), and why are...Ch. 15.5 - Why do gene targeting and mutagenesis screening in...Ch. 15.6 - Prob. 15LOCh. 15.6 - Prob. 16LOCh. 15.6 - Prob. 1CCh. 15.6 - Prob. 2CCh. 15.7 - Describe at least two safety issue associated with...Ch. 15.7 - What are some of the environment concerns...Ch. 15 - A plasmid (a) can be used as a DNA vector (b) is a...Ch. 15 - DNA molecules with complementary sticky ends...Ch. 15 - Prob. 3TYUCh. 15 - Which technique rapidly replicated specific DNA...Ch. 15 - Prob. 5TYUCh. 15 - A cDNA clone contains (a) introns (b) exons (c)...Ch. 15 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 15 - Gel electrophoresis separates nucleic acids on the...Ch. 15 - A CRISPR locus in a bacterium contains (a) short...Ch. 15 - DNA molecular with complementary sticky ends...Ch. 15 - These highly polymorphic molecular markers are...Ch. 15 - Prob. 12TYUCh. 15 - Prob. 13TYUCh. 15 - Prob. 14TYUCh. 15 - EVOLUTION LINK DNA technology, such as the...Ch. 15 - SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY What are some...
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- When performing QPCR to study differential gene expression, what is the role of SYBR green? What is the most correct answer? SYBRgreen intercalates proportionally and efficiently with double stranded DNA and can therefore be used to quantify it SYBRgreen intercalates proportionally and efficiently with nucleic acids and can therefore be used to quantify them. SYBRgreen intercalates more efficiently and proportionately with single stranded DNA and can therefore be used to quantify cDNA (a direct product of mRNA). SYBRgreen intercalates proportionally efficiently with messenger RNA and can therefore be used to quantify it.arrow_forwardWhat are site-recombinases? Describe in detail how cre- recombinase can be used to decipher the roles of specific genes and proteins in complex multicellular organisms? Explain how the cre-lox system can be used to examine the role of a particular gene in a specific type of tissue?arrow_forwardDiscuss the major challenges when using microarray techniques to study differential gene expression. How did the MAQC project address these challenges?arrow_forward
- During experimental RNAi, how does the researcher affect expression of a target gene? Group of answer choices Inject custom, lab-made double-stranded RNA into the specimen that will be targeted by the cell's existing Dicer to create siRNA complementary to the target gene's transcript. Inject lab-made Dicer proteins into the specimen which will cut up the target gene's transcript. Inject custom, lab-made siRNAs complementary to the target gene's transcript.arrow_forward(2) Design an experiment on how would molecular genetic tools, such as DNA microarrays, be used to study human diseases, such as skin tumor cell growth or migration? How could they be used to study melanin expression in nomal skin cells? Rubric for Class Portfolio #1: Student creates an experiment with experimental and negative control group on hoW DNA microarrays can used to address how it can be used to monitor skin tumor cell growth and/or migration, as well as melanin gene expression.arrow_forwardWhat do microarrays tell you that studying gene expression byassaying individual enzymes cannot?arrow_forward
- In a microarray experiment, if you label cDNA from Tissue #1 with a red color and cDNA from tissue #2 with a green color and perform a microarray, predict the following gene expression patterns? : A dot that is only red? A dot that is only green? A dot that is only yellow? A dot that is black?arrow_forwardIn Figure 13-5, two different methods are illustrated forvisualizing gene expression in developing animals.Which method would allow one to detect where within acell a protein is localized?arrow_forwardBriefly describe the steps or methods for studying genes. Start with targeting a gene region and end with gel electrophoresis. How does using gel electrophoresis help to determine the genotypes of individuals?arrow_forward
- Consider the microarray in Figure 20.12. If a sample from normal tissue is labeled with a green fluorescent dye and a sample from cancerous tissue is labeled red, what color spots would represent genes you would be interested in if you were studying cancer? Explain.arrow_forwardHow is DNA microarray technology used to determine the differences in gene expression?arrow_forwardBriefly describe the applications of SNPs in DNA typing.arrow_forward
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