Prescott's Microbiology
10th Edition
ISBN: 9781259281594
Author: Joanne Willey, Linda Sherwood Adjunt Professor Lecturer, Christopher J. Woolverton Professor
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Textbook Question
Chapter 15, Problem 2CHI
All of the subunits in bacterial RNA polymerases have homologues in both archaeal and eukaryotic RNA polymerases. What does this suggest about the evolution of these enzymes?
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What are the two major hypotheses for the evolutionary history of introns in prokaryotes and eukaryotes? What is the evidence supporting each of these possibilities? What kind of additional evidence, if available, could help resolve this debate?
In the evolution of the eukaryotic cell, these cells have evolved key changes that include which of the following:
a) These cells reproduce by copying their DNA perfectly each generation
b) They have their DNA in the nucleoid area
c) They have adapted the mesosome membrane system of the prokaryote to form a nucleus and an endoplasmic reticulum
d) each new type of new eukaryote cell has its mRNA unchanged from its original mRNA
e) none of these are true
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the action of the enzyme RNA polymerase?Select one
1.) RNA polymerase will transcribe only the exons by skipping over the introns within a eukaryotic gene sequence
2.) RNA polymerase will transcribe both DNA strands, moving in the 3' to 5' direction for one strand and 5' to 3' on the other
3.) RNA polymerase will transcribe both DNA strands, but only one RNA molecule will be used during translation
4.)None of the statements accurately describe the function of RNA polymerase
Chapter 15 Solutions
Prescott's Microbiology
Ch. 15.2 - Retrieve, Infer, Apply What is the advantage of...Ch. 15.2 - Prob. 2RIACh. 15.2 - Prob. 3RIACh. 15.2 - Prob. 4RIACh. 15.2 - Prob. 5RIACh. 15.3 - What functions are served by the 5 cap and the 3...Ch. 15.3 - Retrieve, Infer, Apply What elements in archaeal...Ch. 15.3 - Prob. 2RIACh. 15.3 - Prob. 3RIACh. 15.4 - Prob. 1RIA
Ch. 15.4 - Prob. 2RIACh. 15.4 - Prob. 3RIACh. 15.4 - Prob. 4RIACh. 15.5 - Retrieve, Infer, Apply List two similarities and...Ch. 15.5 - Prob. 2RIACh. 15.5 - Retrieve, Infer, Apply How are cis-encoded RNAs,...Ch. 15 - Prob. 1CHICh. 15 - All of the subunits in bacterial RNA polymerases...Ch. 15 - Would you expect that one day microbiologists...Ch. 15 - In the chapter opening story, it was stated that...Ch. 15 - Prob. 5CHI
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Why do we say that micro RNAs are involved in the oldest evolutionary relationship?arrow_forwardHere are some key traits that distinguish the three domains of life (some of which are from the table on IB chapter 3.2). Consider the tree below showing the relationship of the three domains. 7 Characteristics J Nuclear envelope Organelles Peptidoglycan in cell wall Membrane lipids RNA polymerase Ribosome Initiator amino acid for protein synthesis Introns in genes Histones associated with DNA Circular chromosome Operons Plasmids Bacterial Archaea 1 2 Bacteria LUCA No No (rare) Yes Unbranched hydrocarbons Ester linked Version 1 70S Formyl- methionine Very rare Reproduction Response to antibiotics streptomycin and chloramphenicol Response to diptheria toxin Think through how you would map all of these characteristics onto this tree. No Yes Yes Yes Binary fission Sensitive Not sensitive 5 a) Which characters might fall at location 1? No No No Some branched c) Which characters would fall at location 3? Domain Archaea hydrocarbons. Ether linked Version 2 (1 copy) 70S Methionine Present in…arrow_forwardHow does the archaeal RNA polymerase differ from that in Bacteria? How does the initiation of transcription in the two domains differ? Why do eukaryotic mRNAs have to be “processed” whereas most prokaryotic RNAs do not?arrow_forward
- It has been suggested that the present-day triplet genetic codeevolved from a doublet code when there were fewer amino acidsavailable for primitive protein synthesis. As determined by comparisons of ancient and recently evolved proteins, cysteine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine appear to be latearriving amino acids. In addition, they are considered to have been absent in the abiotic Earth. All three of these amino acids have only two codons each, while many others, earlier in origin, have more. Is this mere coincidence, or might there be some underlying explanation?arrow_forwardHow did the discovery of ribozymes affect our understanding of the origin of life and the RNA world? A) The discovery of ribozymes demonstrated that enzymes did not have to be proteins, and that RNA can store, transmit, and do biological work as an enzymatic molecule. B) The discovery of ribozymes helped us understand why RNA only stores and transmits biological data, but does not act as an enzymatic molecule. C) The discovery of ribozymes verified that enzymes had to be proteins. This discovery helped to eliminate other theories about the origin of life in RNA world. D) The discovery of ribozymes demonstrated definitively that ribozymes function only as an enzymatic molecule and therefore evolved before information carrier molecules.arrow_forwardWhat is meant by the term RNA world? Describe observations andevidence that support this hypothesized period of life on Earth. From the perspective of living cells, what are the advantagesof having had the RNA world be superseded by a DNA/RNA/protein world?arrow_forward
- If nitrogenous bases (A, G, C, T or U) could polymerize to chains of nucleotides, could this eventually form the structure shown in the figure above? Would an RNA structure that can act as an enzyme, such as the one shown above, have been the result of chemical evolution with competition between replicating RNA molecules? Or was it likely the first RNA molecule that arose from a chain of nitrogenous bases could immediately act as an enzyme?arrow_forwardGeneticists have found that when they cut out a eukaryotic gene from genomic DNA that they can hybridize one of the strands of that gene to the mRNA for that gene by allowing the strands to hydrogen bond. Why did the appearance of these hybridized strands provide evidence of the existence of introns in eukaryotic genes?arrow_forwardCan you please answer question 38arrow_forward
- In metagenomic studies, a comparison of ribosomal RNA sequences is often used to determine the number of different species present. What are some characteristics of ribosomal sequences that make them useful for determining what species are present?arrow_forwardE. coli DNA polymerase III synthesizes two new DNA strands during replication, yet it possesses three catalytic subunits. Why has this been adaptive for the cell over evolutionary timearrow_forwardIn bacterial genes, as soon as any partial mRNA transcript is produced by the RNA polymerase system, the ribosome assembles on it and starts translating. Draw a diagram of this process, identifying 5′ and 3′ ends of mRNA, the COOH and NH2 ends of the protein, the RNA polymerase, and at least one ribosome. Why couldn’t this system work in eukaryotes?arrow_forward
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