Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections (8th Edition)
8th Edition
ISBN: 9780321885326
Author: Jane B. Reece, Martha R. Taylor, Eric J. Simon, Jean L. Dickey, Kelly A. Hogan
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 15, Problem 17TYK
Summary Introduction
To determine: The arrangement of the species on the phylogenetic tree below and indicate the derived character that defines each branch point.
Introduction:
The data provided in the table shows the different traits of three dinosaurs and Archaeopteryx. Some traits are common in species and some are uncommon. This will easily indicates the branch point of each species.
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Phylogenetic trees are a type of model that can be used to show how organisms are related through common ancestry. The phylogenetic tree model represents nodes numbered 1 through 8.
Using evidence from the phylogenetic tree determine which species would be MOST closely related to the species on branch C?
Question options:
The species on Branch A is most closely related to the species on branch C because they share the most recent common ancestor at node 1.
The species on Branch B is most closely related to the species on branch C because they share the greatest number of common +ancestors.
The species on Branch A & B are both most closely related to the species on branch C because they share the most most recent common ancestor at node 2.
The species on Branches F, G, H, and I are all equally related to the species on branch C because they all split from a common ancestor at the same time which is illustrated by having nodes 2 and 7 at the…
Draw a phylogenetic tree based on characters 1-5 in the table below. Place hatch marks on the tree to indicate the origin of characters 1-6.
Assume that tuna and dolphins are sister species and redraw the phylogenetic tree accordingly. Use hatch marks to indicate the origin of characters 1-6.
How many evolutionary changes are required in each tree? Which tree is most parsimonious?
Character
Lancelet
(outgroup)
Lamprey
Tuna
Salamander
Turtle
Leopard
Dolphin
1. Backbone
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
2. Hinged Jaw
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
3. Four Limbs
0
0
0
1
1
1
1*
4. Amnion
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
5. Milk
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
6. Dorsal fin
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
*Dolphins have 4 limbs (2 fins and 2 hind limb buds as embryos)
Referring to the phylogenetic tree shown above, answer the following questions:
1. How many OTUs are included in the phylogenetic analysis?
2. How many clades are there?
3. What is an autapomorphic trait of the domestic cat? Explain why?
4. What is the shared derived trait (synapomorphy) in the Family Felidae? Explain why?
Chapter 15 Solutions
Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections (8th Edition)
Ch. 15 - Using the figure below, describe the stages that...Ch. 15 - Fill in this concept map about systematics.Ch. 15 - Prob. 3TYKCh. 15 - Prob. 4TYKCh. 15 - Prob. 5TYKCh. 15 - Adaptive radiations may be promoted by all of the...Ch. 15 - A swim bladder is a gas-filled sac that helps fish...Ch. 15 - Prob. 8TYKCh. 15 - Which of the following could provide the best data...Ch. 15 - Prob. 10TYK
Ch. 15 - Distinguish between microevolution and...Ch. 15 - Which are more likely to be closely related: two...Ch. 15 - How can the Darwinian concept of descent with...Ch. 15 - Explain why changes in the regulation of...Ch. 15 - Prob. 15TYKCh. 15 - Measurements indicate that a fossilized skull you...Ch. 15 - Prob. 17TYKCh. 15 - SCIENTIFIC THINKING When Stanley Millers...
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- For the Xenites, consider what appear to be homologies and analogies. Figure out the order of evolution of each character. You have been given reason to believe that, based on the fossil record, Xenite A is the ancestral species. Create your cladogram for the Xenites. Identify which derived characters were homologies or analogies. Explain the evolutionary history of the organisms shown by your tree. How did you use evidence to create your cladogram?arrow_forwardCladograms and phylogenetic trees are both examples of evolutionary trees. While both types contain groups of organisms that descended from a common ancestor, phylogenetic trees are typically constructed in a way where the length of the "branches" and their relation to other organisms on the tree represent the inferred evolutionary change that actually occurred. On the other hand, cladograms typically display "branches" that are of equal distance to one another.The primary purpose of this assignment is for you become comfortable reading evolutionary trees, to accurately determine recent common ancestors, to identify which organisms are extinct (dead), extant (living), and the general relationship genetics plays in the overarching process of evolution. 1. What types of evidence could scientists look at to make an accurate evolutionary tree?arrow_forwardWhen building a phylogenetic tree, where do you place a number used to designate a change in character state?options: at a mark crossing the branch for the species that exhibits the new state at a node where two branches diverge at the end of a branch between the last species to exhibit the old state and the first to display the new statearrow_forward
- When reading a phylogenetic tree, which of the following is true regarding the evolutionary relationships among the taxa represented on the tree? Taxa located at adjacent tips of the branches are always more closely related to each other than to other taxa on the tree. Therefore, a species is always equally related to the taxon on the branch immediately to the right it and the taxon on the branch immediately to the left of it The branch lengths always represent the amount of morphological change between taxa The internal nodes (branching points) of the tree represent the most recent common ancestors of the taxa connected by the branches The position of taxa on the tree is completely arbitrary and does not reflect their evolutionary relationshipsarrow_forwardDraw a simple phylogenetic tree for two sisters clades with a common ancestor. Each sister clade consists of two taxa. Define the following terms and use to label your diagram: clade, node, branch, common ancestor, and taxon.arrow_forwardThis phylogeny consists of two distinct genera of cat; one with one species (P. aliquam) and another of three species (the red box indicates their distance). The species have three main physical traits: coat colour, ear tufts and tail shape. At the ancestral nodes of the tree, it can be seen what the ancestor of these species looked like for these three traits. Each of these traits has undergone a different type of evolution. Choose one type of evolution and explain the mechanism that brought the given characteristics.arrow_forward
- Construct a cladogram that provides one hypothesis about the evolutionary history for these 6 taxa. Be sure to map each of the character states for every taxon represented in the character matrix. See tips below to help get you started. You can insert a photo of a hand drawn cladogram or create one on your device. Keep in mind that cladograms are hypotheses, there are many different cladograms that can be constructed. a) Which characteristics were identified as homoplasies on your cladogram? b)arrow_forwardConstruct a cladogram that provides one hypothesis about the evolutionary history for these 6 taxa. Be sure to map each of the character states for every taxon represented in the character matrix. See tips below to help get you started. You can insert a photo of a hand drawn cladogram or create one on your device. Keep in mind that cladograms are hypotheses, there are many different cladograms that can be constructed. a) Which characteristics were identified as homoplasies on your cladogram? b) Now that your tree has been constructed, how confident do you feel in your hypothesis and why?arrow_forwardNotice that a couple of things are different from the previous charts. Firstly, the derived traits and species name have switched axis. Secondly, you will see that in this chart there are derived traits that have evolved independently in different organisms. Use the principle of maximum parsimony to make a draft of the cladogram. The theory of maximum parsimony states that the simplest explanation consistent with the data should be examined first. The most parsimonious trees require the fewest evolutionary events. Construct your own cladogram using the information from the chart as a guide.arrow_forward
- Please explainarrow_forwardConstruct a character matrix with at least five characters for organisms beetle, pigeon, perch, salamander, and a mouse. (Pay attention to eyes, legs, number legs, antennae, body type/form; not limited to here). Then construct a phylogenetic tree using the character matrix and map the synapomorphies.arrow_forwardIdentify the outgroup from the phylogenetic trees and box/mark the whole lineage in red. Identify the most recent common ancestor for species A and B and mark it in blue. Identify the most recent common ancestor for species C and D and mark it in green. E A B C D E B C D Earrow_forward
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Phylogenetic Mysteries: Crash Course Zoology #12; Author: CrashCourse;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cVaw7nF72Aw;License: Standard youtube license