Concept explainers
MAKE CONNECTIONS In a research article about alkaptonuria published in 1902, Garrod suggested that humans inherit two “characters” (alleles) for a particular enzyme and that both parents must contribute a faulty version for the offspring to have the disorder. Today, would this disorder be called dominant or recessive? (See Concept 11.4.)
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 14 Solutions
Campbell Biology in Focus, Books a la Carte Edition; Modified Mastering Biology with Pearson eText - ValuePack Access Card - for Campbell Biology in Focus (2nd Edition)
Additional Science Textbook Solutions
Biology Illinois Edition (Glencoe Science)
Human Biology: Concepts and Current Issues
Anatomy & Physiology
Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections (8th Edition)
Microbiology: An Introduction
Microbiology Fundamentals: A Clinical Approach - Standalone book
- Hypothesis: Glycans terminated in sialic acid monosaccharides may be necessary to maintain embryonic stem cells in their undifferentiated state. Imagine that you are the scientist trying to prove this hypothesis with skill genetic engineering. What classes of enzymes would you target for elimination to generate embryonic stem cells that do not carry sialic acid modifications to evaluate this hypothesis?arrow_forwardPart B Some nonessential amino acids are synthesized in the body by a simple transamination. The transamination between oxaloacetate, an a-keto acid, and glutamate, a amino acid with the side chain -CH₂CH₂COO proceeds according to the following reaction: OOC-CH₂-C-COO + OOC-CH₂CH₂CH COO OOC-CH₂CH₂-C-COO + amino acid 2 NH₂+ Predict the structure of the amino acid product, indicated by amino acid 2, for the reaction. Draw the molecule on the canvas by choosing buttons from the Tools (for bonds), Atoms, and Advanced Template toolbars. The single bond is active by default. Include all hydrogen atoms and formal charges.arrow_forwardThe following diagram shows and enzyme (in gray) that has transiently bound cyclic AMP, a signaling molecule (in salmon pink). What kind of bonds/associations are the amino acid side chains in the enzyme (green, blue) forming with the cyclic AMP? Focus only on the bonds/associations indicated by the black arrows. serine CH2 N-H cyclic AMP / (CH2)3 `NH `c=NH, `NH2 serine arginine N CH -Hio threonine CH2 glutamic acid CH2 (B) covalent bonds hydrogen bonds van der Waals forces hydrophobic forces ionic bonds O O O O Oarrow_forward
- predict the function of the following enzymes: 1. cellulase 2. aspartate aminotranferasearrow_forwardYou know that very high and very low pH values are outside of the normal ranges for life and the biochemistry of life (especially protein catalysts, namely enzymes). This is largely due to the effects of pH on interactions of the backbones of peptide chains, R-group interactions and polypeptide assembly/folding (secondary to quaternary protein structure of polypeptide chains). What do you think will happen to the shape of the active sites in the enzyme at high or low pH?arrow_forwardCompare and contrast the biological roles of the following amino acids the following pairs ofamino acids. Once you have documented these role state which member of the pair is most important and why.arrow_forward
- explain the correct and wrong choicesarrow_forwardThe FMO3 enzyme has an important physiological function in people. State the normal substrate of FMO3 in people and describe a genetic polymorphism that can reduce the activity of this enzyme. Describe the consequence to people with the reduced FMO3 activity. Give at least one reference from the primary literature (i.e. a scientific journal) to support your answer.arrow_forwardA 3 yr-old presented with extreme fatigue, intolerance to physical activity and an enlarged liver. Blood tests revealed accumulation of very high levels of lactate in blood. Advanced tests revealed that this individual carried a mutation in the gene for a single liver enzyme. (a) Based on the information provided, speculate on which enzyme was mutated in this individual. Write the enzyme name here: (b) Justify your answer to (a). (c) Write the complete reaction (structures not required) for the reaction catalyzed by this enzymearrow_forward
- What are the biomolecules that are used to biosynthesize a purine ring in the de novo pathway – provide them? In class we talked about experiments that utilized pigeon waste to determine the precursors for purine biosynthesis…. Briefly describe those experiments by stating the chemistry of the molecules used, the experimental design, the results, and what the results showed (conclusionsarrow_forwardSnake venom contains many hydrolase enzymes, including several serine proteases. One such protease (present in high concentrations in snake venom) mimics the action of thrombin to activate fibrin. The venom protease cleaves peptide bonds with a specificity for basic, positively charged amino acids. This enzyme is incubated with a substrate peptide with the sequence SNPDCKVALYMTW. Draw a mechanism for the peptide hydrolysis of this specific peptide catalyzed by this snake venom protease. Include the structure of the active site amino acids of the enzyme and the substrate peptide group (including the full structure of the 2 specific amino acids that contribute to the scissile peptide group in the substrate) in your mechanism. Use the curved arrow convention to illustrate the flow of electrons.arrow_forwardA recent study (Prasath, G.S. et al., 2014) found that strawberries contain a compound called fisetin which slows the release of glucose into blood during fasting. This slowing occurs whether the glucose is generated from glycogen hydrolysis or gluconeogenesis. Propose an enzyme that fisetin inhibits and defend your answer. How does the intacellular concentration of citrate affect fructose 1,6-bis phosphatase? [If you cannot remember, try to deduce it.] Describe how this fits into cellular physiology. Describe a situation in gluconeogenesis where having a cytoplasmic and mitochondrial isoenzyme that can catalyze the same reaction provides a benefit. Can the energy in consumed ethanol be stored in glycogen? Explain.arrow_forward
- Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781305389892Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillanPublisher:Cengage LearningBiology (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781337392938Author:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. BergPublisher:Cengage Learning