Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781259700903
Author: Leland Hartwell Dr., Michael L. Goldberg Professor Dr., Janice Fischer, Leroy Hood Dr.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 14, Problem 18P
Genes encoding toxins are often located on plasmids. A recent outbreak has just occurred in which a bacterium that is usually nonpathogenic is producing a toxin. Plasmid DNA can be isolated from this newly pathogenic bacterial strain and separated from the chromosomal DNA. To establish whether the plasmid DNA contains a gene encoding the toxin, you could determine the sequence of the entire plasmid and search for a sequence that looks like other toxin genes previously identified. An easier way exists to determine whether the plasmid DNA carries the gene(s) for the toxin; this strategy does not involve DNA sequence analysis. Describe this easier method.
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Bacterial conjugation has medical consequences. For example, certain plasmids contain genes that code for toxins. The causative agent of a deadly form of food poisoning, E. coli 0157, synthesizes a toxin that causes massive bloody diarrhea and kidney failure. This toxin is now believed to have originated in Shigella, another bacterium that causes dysentery. Similarly, the growing problem of antibiotic resistance is partly attributable to the spread of antibioticresistant genes among bacterial populations. Antibiotic resistance develops because antibiotics are overused in medical practice and in livestock feeds. Suggest a mechanism by which this extensive use promotes antibiotic resistance.
Bacteria exposed to viruses incorporate sections of the virus’s DNA into the CRISPR array sequences in their genome. This mechanism allows bacteria to fight off the viruses, like an immune response: the information in CRISPR spacers served as “coordinates” for recognizing and cutting up invading DNA sequences. Describe what might happen under the conditions described after a bacteriophage infects a bacterial cell and releases its DNA into the bacterial cell.
Explain why:
1. The invading phage DNA is recognized by the Cas proteins but not inserted into the CRISPR array region of the bacterial genome: The bacteria will be unable to elicit an immune response and will succumb to the phase infection
2. The cas genes on the bacterial genome contains a missense mutation that increases its cleavage/cut activityThe bacteria will elicit an immune response that will successfully fight the phage infection
Assume that there are horizontal gene transfers between two completely different bacterial species. In one case it is a plasmid that is transmitted via conjugation, in the other case it is it is a part of the bacterial chromosome that is transferred via transformation. In which of the two cases is it likely that the transferred DNA will be present? left and can function in the recipient cells? Explain the biological background to your answer
Chapter 14 Solutions
Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
Ch. 14 - Choose the phrase from the right column that best...Ch. 14 - The unicellular, rod-shaped bacterium E. coli is 2...Ch. 14 - Now that the sequence of the entire E. coli K12...Ch. 14 - Bacterial genomes such as that of E. coli...Ch. 14 - List at least three features of eukaryotic genomes...Ch. 14 - Describe a mechanism by which a gene could move...Ch. 14 - High salt concentrations tend to cause protein...Ch. 14 - Recently, scientists tested the possibility that...Ch. 14 - A recent metagenomic study analyzed the...Ch. 14 - Linezolid is a new type of antibiotic that...
Ch. 14 - A liquid culture of E. coli at a concentration of...Ch. 14 - Pick out the medium i, ii, iii, or iv onto which...Ch. 14 - This problem concerns Fig. 14.14, which...Ch. 14 - In two isolates one is resistant to ampicillin,...Ch. 14 - E. coli cells usually have only one copy of the F...Ch. 14 - In E. coli, the genes purC and pyrB are located...Ch. 14 - DNA sequencing of the entire H. influenzae genome...Ch. 14 - Genes encoding toxins are often located on...Ch. 14 - a. You want to perform an interrupted-mating...Ch. 14 - In Problem 19, do you think that most of the...Ch. 14 - One issue with interrupted-mating experiments such...Ch. 14 - Prob. 22PCh. 14 - Starting with an F- strain that was prototrophic...Ch. 14 - You can carry out matings between an Hfr and F...Ch. 14 - Genome sequences show that some pathogenic...Ch. 14 - Generalized and specialized transduction both...Ch. 14 - This problem highlights some useful variations of...Ch. 14 - A researcher has a Trp auxotrophic strain of E....Ch. 14 - Streptococcus parasanguis is a bacterial species...Ch. 14 - The sequence at one end of one strand of the...Ch. 14 - Scientists who study amino acid biosynthesis...Ch. 14 - Suppose that you could obtain radioactively...Ch. 14 - Prob. 34PCh. 14 - Some scientists are trying to engineer...
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- The genes for both the α- and βglobin chains of hemoglobin contain introns (i.e., they are split genes). How would this fact affect your plans if you wanted to introduce the gene for α-globin into a bacterial plasmid and have the bacteria produce α-globin?arrow_forwardEDTA weakens the cell wall by removing ions that help hold it together while glucose prevents premature cell lysis due to osmosis in cells with weakened cell walls. You have made a batch of resuspension solution to isolate plasmid DNA, but you forgot to add EDTA. What do you think will happen when you try to perform a plasmid isolation procedure with this reagent? Why?arrow_forwardA researcher has a Trp− auxotrophic strain of E. coliwith a mutation in a single gene. To identify thatmutant gene, she uses a genomic library made from a wild-type version of that same strain to find plasmids that rescue the mutant phenotype. The result issurprising. She recovers 10 plasmids that provide aTrp+ phenotype, but six of the plasmids contain geneX, while the other four contain gene Y. Our scientisthas encountered a phenomenon called multicopysuppression, related to the fact that plasmids are usually present in several copies per bacterium. Becausethe genes in the plasmids are present in more thantheir usual single copy in the bacterial chromosome,more than the usual amount of Protein X or Protein Yis being produced from the plasmids. Sometimes,overexpression of one protein can rescue the mutantphenotype caused by loss of a different protein.Suggest at least two ways that our scientist could determine which of the two genes, gene X or gene Y, actually corresponds to the…arrow_forward
- A shuttle vector is a vector (usually a plasmid) constructed so that it can propagate in two different host species. One of the most common types of shuttle vectors is the yeast shuttle vector. Examples of such vectors derived from yeast are Yeast Episomal Plasmid (YEP), Yeast Integrating Plasmid (YIP) and Yeast Replicating Plasmid (YRP). Why is YEP preferred over YIP and YRP? Give your thoughts on this.arrow_forwardA shuttle vector is a vector (usually a plasmid) constructed so that it can propagate in two different host species. One of the most common types of shuttle vectors is the yeast shuttle vector. Examples of such vectors derived from yeast are Yeast Episomal Plasmid (YEp), Yeast Integrating Plasmid (YIp) and Yeast Replicating Plasmid (YRp). Among these three vectors, YIp has the lowest transformation frequency and copy number per cell. Explain why Ylp is still popularly used despite its limitations.arrow_forwardYou have two E. coli strains, XL10 and K12. XL10 is ampicillin resistant, or AmpR, and can grow on lab media plates in the presence of ampicillin. K12 is ampicillin sensitive, or AmpS, and cannot grow on lab media plates in the presence of ampicillin. You suspect that the AmpR gene is carried on a plasmid in XL10, rather than on its chromosome, and want to design an experiment to test this hypothesis. In designing your experiment, you may assume that you have access to the following materials: all reagents, plates, plasmids, and equipment used in the lab this semester Overnight cultures of XL10 & K12 Competent cells of XL10 & K12 a. Describe briefly the steps of a simple experiment that you could perform to test the hypothesis that the AmpR gene is carried on a plasmid in XL10 and not on its chromosome. (NOTE: no need for detailed procedure, simply state what you would do is sufficient). b. What specific experimental result will tell you that your hypothesis is correct?arrow_forward
- Which of the following statements is true of plasmids? Agrobacteria use plasmids to induce tumnors in plant genomes Scientists use plasmids to introduce recombinant DNA into plants and animals They are parasitic DNA that replicate in human cells. Bacteria are transformed when they take plasmids from their extra cellular environment They are circular fragments of DNA that naturally occur in bacteria Bt corn expresses a toxin encoded on a plasmidarrow_forwardIn the genotype presented (genomic plus plasmid genes), which of the following statements Is phenotype? genome: IS P O`z+Y° plasmid: I* Pt otzY+ no production of either B-gal and permease O B-gal and permease induced when lactose is present no B-gal is produced and expression of permease when lactose is present constitutive expression of B-gal and permease constitutive expression of B-gal and no expression of permeasearrow_forwardWhen cloning a foreign DNA fragment into a plasmid, it is often useful to insert the fragment at a site that interrupts a selectable marker(such as the tetracycline-resistance gene of pBR322). The loss of function of the interrupted gene can be used to identify clones containing recombinant plasmids with foreign DNA. With a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) vector, it is not necessary to do this; the researcher can still distinguish vectors that incorporate large foreign DNA fragments from those that do not. How are these recombinant vectors identified?arrow_forward
- Bacteria can be used to produce human growth hormone (HGH - a peptide/protein) through genetic engineering. The human gene for HGH is inserted into a plasmid, which is then taken up by a bacterial cell, which divides and multiplies into a clone of cells, all of which contain the plasmid with the HGH gene. The bacteria express the HGH gene, producing HGH which can be harvested and used for treatment of humans. (See figure below) Which of the following statements is NOT true about this process? bacterium Vector, such as a DNA containing the gene of plasmid, isolated it from a different species is Gene encoding protein for pest resistance is inserted into plant cells ©2019 Pearson Education, Inc chromosome recombinant DNA (plasmid) transformed bacterium Create and harvest copies of a gene with either of two goals in mind. Gene encoding degradative enzyme to clean up toxdo waste is inserted into bacterial cells ved by an enzyme into gene of interest The desired gene is selected and…arrow_forwardBacteria exposed to viruses incorporate sections of the virus’s DNA into the CRISPR array sequences in their genome. This mechanism allows bacteria to fight off the viruses, like an immune response: the information in CRISPR spacers served as “coordinates” for recognizing and cutting up invading DNA sequences. Describe what might happen under the conditions described after a bacteriophage infects a bacterial cell and releases its DNA into the bacterial cell. Explain why: The cas genes on the bacterial genome contains a frameshift deletion mutation that alters the function of the protein The bacteria will be unable to elicit an immune response and will succumb to the phase infectionarrow_forwardGenes encoding toxins are often located on plasmids.A recent outbreak has just occurred in which a bacterium that is usually nonpathogenic is producing atoxin. Plasmid DNA can be isolated from this newlypathogenic bacterial strain and separated from thechromosomal DNA. To establish whether the plasmidDNA contains a gene encoding the toxin, you coulddetermine the sequence of the entire plasmid andsearch for a sequence that looks like other toxin genespreviously identified. An easier way exists to determine whether the plasmid DNA carries the gene(s)for the toxin; this strategy does not involve DNAsequence analysis. Describe this easier method.arrow_forward
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