Chapter 13, Problem 95E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Themolecular structure and the bond angle for HCN needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Lewis dot structure is the representation which shows the bonding between atoms present in a molecule. It shows lone pairs and bond pairs that exist on each bonded atom. Lewis dot structure is also known as Lewis dot formula or electron dot structure.

The shape or geometry of molecule can be predicted with the help of hybridization and VSEPR theory. It can be checked with the below formula:

  $\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}$

Answer to Problem 95E

  $\text{sp = Linear}$ and bond angle 180^o.

Explanation of Solution

The bond formation between the atoms takes place due to the sharing of valence electrons of bonded atoms while the remaining electrons present in outer shell represented as lone pair of electrons. To draw the Lewis structure, calculate the total number of valence electrons in each atom and draw the structure in such a way that each atom gets its octet configuration.

Total number of valence electrons in HCN:

  $(1\times 1)+(4\times 1)+(5\times 1)=10$

Hence the best Lewis structure for HCN must be:

  

  $\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}$

  $\text{Hybridization of C = 2 + 0 = 2 = sp = Linear}$

With linear stricture the bond angle must be 180°.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The molecular structure and the bond angle for ${\text{PH}}_{\text{3}}$ that obey the octet rule needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Lewis dot structure is the representation which shows the bonding between atoms present in a molecule. It shows lone pairs and bond pairs that exist on each bonded atom. Lewis dot structure is also known as Lewis dot formula or electron dot structure.

The shape or geometry of molecule can be predicted with the help of hybridization and VSEPR theory. It can be checked with the below formula:

  $\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}$

Answer to Problem 95E

  ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3 }}\text{= Pyramidal shape}$

Bond angle will be less than 120° and approximately it will be 93°.

Explanation of Solution

The bond formation between the atoms takes place due to the sharing of valence electrons of bonded atoms while the remaining electrons present in outer shell represented as lone pair of electrons. To draw the Lewis structure, calculate the total number of valence electrons in each atom and draw the structure in such a way that each atom gets its octet configuration.

Total number of valence electrons in ${\text{PH}}_{\text{3}}$ :

  $(3\times 1)+(5\times 1)=8$

Hence the best Lewis structure for ${\text{PH}}_{\text{3}}$ must be:

  

  $\begin{array}{l}\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}\\ \text{Hybridization = 3 + 1 = 4 }\\ {\text{Hybridization = sp}}^{\text{3 }}\text{= Pyramidal shape}\end{array}$

Bond angle will be less than 120° and approximately it will be 93°.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Interpret the molecular structure and the bond angle for ${\text{CHCl}}_{\text{3}}$ that obey the octet rule.

Concept Introduction:

Lewis dot structure is the representation which shows the bonding between atoms present in a molecule. It shows lone pairs and bond pairs that exist on each bonded atom. Lewis dot structure is also known as Lewis dot formula or electron dot structure.

The shape or geometry of molecule can be predicted with the help of hybridization and VSEPR theory. It can be checked with the below formula:

  $\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}$

Answer to Problem 95E

  ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}\text{= tetrahedral}$

The bond angle will be 109°.

Explanation of Solution

The bond formation between the atoms takes place due to the sharing of valence electrons of bonded atoms while the remaining electrons present in outer shell represented as lone pair of electrons. To draw the Lewis structure, calculate the total number of valence electrons in each atom and draw the structure in such a way that each atom gets its octet configuration.

Total number of valence electrons in ${\text{CHCl}}_{\text{3}}$ :

  $(1\times 4)+(3\times 1)+(7\times 1)=14$

Hence the best Lewis structure for ${\text{CHCl}}_{\text{3}}$ must be:

  

  $\begin{array}{l}\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}\\ \text{Hybridization = 4 + 0}\\ {\text{Hybridization =sp}}^{\text{3}}\text{= tetrahedral}\end{array}$

The bond angle will be 109° with tetrahedral geometry.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The molecular structure and the bond angle for ${\text{NH}}_4^{+}$ that obey the octet rule needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Lewis dot structure is the representation which shows the bonding between atoms present in a molecule. It shows lone pairs and bond pairs that exist on each bonded atom. Lewis dot structure is also known as Lewis dot formula or electron dot structure.

The shape or geometry of molecule can be predicted with the help of hybridization and VSEPR theory. It can be checked with the below formula:

  $\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}$

Answer to Problem 95E

  ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}\text{ = tetrahedral}$

The bond angle will be 109°.

Explanation of Solution

The bond formation between the atoms takes place due to the sharing of valence electrons of bonded atoms while the remaining electrons present in outer shell represented as lone pair of electrons. To draw the Lewis structure, calculate the total number of valence electrons in each atom and draw the structure in such a way that each atom gets its octet configuration.

Total number of valence electrons in ${\text{NH}}_4^{+}$ :

  $(1\times 5)+(4\times 1)-1=8$

Hence the best Lewis structure for ${\text{NH}}_4^{+}$ must be:

  

  $\begin{array}{l}\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}\\ \text{Hybridization = 4+ 0}\\ {\text{Hybridization = 4 = sp}}^{\text{3}}\text{ = tetrahedral}\end{array}$

The bond angle will be 109° with tetrahedral geometry.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The molecular structure and the bond angle for ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}\text{CO}$ that obey the octet rule needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Lewis dot structure is the representation which shows the bonding between atoms present in a molecule. It shows lone pairs and bond pairs that exist on each bonded atom. Lewis dot structure is also known as Lewis dot formula or electron dot structure.

The shape or geometry of molecule can be predicted with the help of hybridization and VSEPR theory. It can be checked with the below formula:

  $\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}$

Answer to Problem 95E

  ${\text{sp}}^{\text{2}}\text{= trigonal planar}$

The bond angle will be 120°.

Explanation of Solution

The bond formation between the atoms takes place due to the sharing of valence electrons of bonded atoms while the remaining electrons present in outer shell represented as lone pair of electrons. To draw the Lewis structure, calculate the total number of valence electrons in each atom and draw the structure in such a way that each atom gets its octet configuration.

Total number of valence electrons in ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}\text{CO}$ :

  $(2\times 1)+(1\times 4)+(1\times 6)=12$

Hence the best Lewis structure for ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}\text{CO}$ must be:

  

  $\begin{array}{l}\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}\\ \text{Hybridization = 3 + 0}\\ {\text{Hybridization =3= sp}}^{\text{2}}\text{= trigonal planar}\end{array}$

The bond angle will be 120° with trigonal planar geometry.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The molecular structure and the bond angle for ${\text{SeF}}_{\text{2}}$ that obey the octet rule needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Lewis dot structure is the representation which shows the bonding between atoms present in a molecule. It shows lone pairs and bond pairs that exist on each bonded atom. Lewis dot structure is also known as Lewis dot formula or electron dot structure.

The shape or geometry of molecule can be predicted with the help of hybridization and VSEPR theory. It can be checked with the below formula:

  $\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}$

Answer to Problem 95E

  ${\text{ sp}}^{\text{3}}\text{ = bent structure}$

The bond angle will be approximately 104°.

Explanation of Solution

The bond formation between the atoms takes place due to the sharing of valence electrons of bonded atoms while the remaining electrons present in outer shell represented as lone pair of electrons. To draw the Lewis structure, calculate the total number of valence electrons in each atom and draw the structure in such a way that each atom gets its octet configuration.

Total number of valence electrons in ${\text{SeF}}_{\text{2}}$ :

  $(1\times 6)+(2\times 7)=20$

Hence the best Lewis structure for ${\text{SeF}}_{\text{2}}$ must be:

  

  $\begin{array}{l}\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}\\ \text{Hybridization = 2+ 2}\\ {\text{Hybridization =4= sp}}^{\text{3}}\text{ = bent structure(as 2 lone pairs Se)}\end{array}$

The bond angle will be 104° with bent geometry.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The molecular structure and the bond angle for ${\text{CO}}_{\text{2}}$ that obey the octet rule needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Lewis dot structure is the representation which shows the bonding between atoms present in a molecule. It shows lone pairs and bond pairs that existing on each bonded atom. Lewis dot structure is also known as Lewis dot formula or electron dot structure.

The shape or geometry of molecule can be predicted with the help of hybridization and VSEPR theory. It can be checked with the below formula:

  $\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}$

Answer to Problem 95E

  $\text{sp = linear}$

The bond angle will be 180°.

Explanation of Solution

The bond formation between the atoms takes place due to the sharing of valence electrons of bonded atoms while the remaining electrons present in outer shell represented as lone pair of electrons. To draw the Lewis structure, calculate the total number of valence electrons in each atom and draw the structure in such a way that each atom gets its octet configuration.

Total number of valence electrons in ${\text{CO}}_{\text{2}}$ :

  $(1\times 4)+(2\times 6)=16$

Hence the best Lewis structure for ${\text{CO}}_{\text{2}}$ must be:

  

  $\begin{array}{l}\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}\\ \text{Hybridization = 2+ 0}\\ \text{Hybridization = sp = linear}\end{array}$

The bond angle will be 180° with linear geometry.

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The molecular structure and the bond angle for ${\text{O}}_{\text{2}}$ that obey the octet rule needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Lewis dot structure is the representation which shows the bonding between atoms present in a molecule. It shows lone pairs and bond pairs that existing on each bonded atom. Lewis dot structure is also known as Lewis dot formula or electron dot structure.

The shape or geometry of molecule can be predicted with the help of hybridization and VSEPR theory. It can be checked with the below formula:

  $\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}$

Answer to Problem 95E

  ${\text{sp}}^{\text{2}}\text{= linear ( due to 2 lone pairs)}$

The bond angle will be 180°.

Explanation of Solution

The bond formation between the atoms takes place due to the sharing of valence electrons of bonded atoms while the remaining electrons present in outer shell represented as lone pair of electrons. To draw the Lewis structure, calculate the total number of valence electrons in each atom and draw the structure in such a way that each atom gets its octet configuration.

Total number of valence electrons in ${\text{O}}_{\text{2}}$ :

  $(2\times 6)=12$

Hence the best Lewis structure for ${\text{O}}_{\text{2}}$ must be:

  

  $\begin{array}{l}\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}\\ \text{Hybridization = 1 + 2 }\\ {\text{Hybridization = 3=sp}}^{\text{2}}\text{= linear ( due to 2 lone pairs)}\end{array}$

The bond angle will be 180° with linear geometry.

(i)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The molecular structure and the bond angle for $\text{HBr}$ that obey the octet rule needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Lewis dot structure is the representation which shows the bonding between atoms present in a molecule. It shows lone pairs and bond pairs that exist on each bonded atom. Lewis dot structure is also known as Lewis dot formula or electron dot structure.

The shape or geometry of molecule can be predicted with the help of hybridization and VSEPR theory. It can be checked with the below formula:

  $\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}$

Answer to Problem 95E

  ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3 }}\text{= linear}$

The bond angle will be 180°.

Explanation of Solution

The bond formation between the atoms takes place due to the sharing of valence electrons of bonded atoms while the remaining electrons present in outer shell represented as lone pair of electrons. To draw the Lewis structure, calculate the total number of valence electrons in each atom and draw the structure in such a way that each atom gets its octet configuration.

Total number of valence electrons in $\text{HBr}$ :

  $(1\times 1)+(1\times 7)=8$

Hence the best Lewis structure for $\text{HBr}$ must be:

  

  $\begin{array}{l}\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}\\ \text{Hybridization = 1 + 3}\\ {\text{Hybridization = 4 = sp}}^{\text{3 }}\text{= linear}\end{array}$

The bond angle will be 180° with linear geometry.

(j)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The molecular structure and the bond angle for ${\text{POCl}}_{\text{3}}{\text{, SO}}_{\text{4}}{}^{\text{2-}}{\text{, XeO}}_{\text{4}}{\text{, PO}}_{\text{4}}{}^{\text{3-}}{\text{, ClO}}_{\text{4}}{}^{\text{-}}$ structureneeds to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Lewis dot structure is the representation which shows the bonding between atoms present in a molecule. It shows lone pairs and bond pairs that exist on each bonded atom. Lewis dot structure is also known as Lewis dot formula or electron dot structure.

The shape or geometry of molecule can be predicted with the help of hybridization and VSEPR theory. It can be checked with the below formula:

  $\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}$

Explanation of Solution

The bond formation between the atoms takes place due to the sharing of valence electrons of bonded atoms while the remaining electrons present in outer shell represented as lone pair of electrons. To draw the Lewis structure, calculate the total number of valence electrons in each atom and draw the structure in such a way that each atom gets its octet configuration.

Total number of valence electrons in ${\text{POCl}}_{\text{3}}$ :

  $(1\times 5)+(1\times 6)+(3\times 7)=32$

Hence the best Lewis structure for ${\text{POCl}}_{\text{3}}$ must be:

  

  $\begin{array}{l}\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}\\ \text{Hybridization = 4 + 0}\\ {\text{Hybridization =sp}}^{\text{3}}\text{= tetrahedral}\end{array}$

Total number of valence electrons in ${\text{SO}}_{\text{4}}{}^{\text{2-}}$ :

  $(1\times 6)+(4\times 6)+2=32$

Hence the best Lewis structure for ${\text{SO}}_{\text{4}}{}^{\text{2-}}$ must be:

  

  $\begin{array}{l}\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}\\ \text{Hybridization = 4 + 0}\\ {\text{Hybridization =sp}}^{\text{3}}\text{= tetrahedral}\end{array}$

Total number of valence electrons in ${\text{XeO}}_{\text{4}}$ :

  $(1\times 8)+(4\times 6)=32$

Hence the best Lewis structure for ${\text{XeO}}_{\text{4}}$ must be:

  

  $\begin{array}{l}\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}\\ \text{Hybridization = 4 + 0}\\ {\text{Hybridization =sp}}^{\text{3}}\text{= tetrahedral}\end{array}$

Total number of valence electrons in ${\text{PO}}_{\text{4}}{}^{\text{3-}}$ :

  $(1\times 5)+(4\times 6)+3=32$

Hence the best Lewis structure for ${\text{PO}}_{\text{4}}{}^{\text{3-}}$ must be:

  

  $\begin{array}{l}\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}\\ \text{Hybridization = 4 + 0}\\ {\text{Hybridization =sp}}^{\text{3}}\text{= tetrahedral}\end{array}$

Total number of valence electrons in ${\text{ClO}}_{\text{4}}{}^{\text{-}}$ :

  $(1\times 7)+(4\times 6)+1=32$

Hence the best Lewis structure for ${\text{ClO}}_{\text{4}}{}^{\text{-}}$ must be:

  

  $\begin{array}{l}\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}\\ \text{Hybridization = 4 + 0}\\ {\text{Hybridization =sp}}^{\text{3}}\text{= tetrahedral}\end{array}$

(k)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The molecular structure and the bond angle for ${\text{NF}}_{\text{3}}{\text{, SO}}_3{}^{\text{2-}}{\text{, PO}}_3{}^{\text{3-}}{\text{, ClO}}_{\text{3}}{}^{\text{-}}$ that obey the octet rule needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Lewis dot structure is the representation which shows the bonding between atoms present in a molecule. It shows lone pairs and bond pairs that exist on each bonded atom. Lewis dot structure is also known as Lewis dot formula or electron dot structure.

The shape or geometry of molecule can be predicted with the help of hybridization and VSEPR theory. It can be checked with the below formula:

  $\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}$

Answer to Problem 95E

  ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}\text{= pyramid}$ ; 107°

  ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}\text{= pyramid}$ ; <120°

  ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}\text{= pyramid}$ ;120°

  ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}\text{= pyramid}$ ;<120°

Explanation of Solution

The bond formation between the atoms takes place due to the sharing of valence electrons of bonded atoms while the remaining electrons present in outer shell represented as lone pair of electrons. To draw the Lewis structure, calculate the total number of valence electrons in each atom and draw the structure in such a way that each atom gets its octet configuration.

Total number of valence electrons in ${\text{NF}}_{\text{3}}$ :

  $(1\times 5)+(3\times 7)=26$

Hence the best Lewis structure for ${\text{NF}}_{\text{3}}$ must be:

  

  $\begin{array}{l}\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}\\ \text{Hybridization = 3 + 1}\\ {\text{Hybridization = sp}}^{\text{3}}\text{= pyramid}\end{array}$

Total number of valence electrons in ${\text{SO}}_3{}^{\text{2-}}$ :

  $(1\times 6)+(3\times 6)+2=26$

Hence the best Lewis structure for ${\text{SO}}_3{}^{\text{2-}}$ must be:

  

  $\begin{array}{l}\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}\\ \text{Hybridization = 3 + 1}\\ {\text{Hybridization = sp}}^{\text{3}}\text{= pyramid}\end{array}$

Total number of valence electrons in ${\text{PO}}_3{}^{\text{3-}}$ :

  $(1\times 5)+(3\times 6)+3=26$

Hence the best Lewis structure for ${\text{PO}}_3{}^{\text{3-}}$ must be:

  

  $\begin{array}{l}\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}\\ \text{Hybridization = 3 + 1}\\ {\text{Hybridization = sp}}^{\text{3}}\text{= pyramid}\end{array}$

Total number of valence electrons in ${\text{ClO}}_{\text{3}}{}^{\text{-}}$ :

  $(1\times 7)+(3\times 6)+1=26$

Hence the best Lewis structure for ${\text{ClO}}_{\text{3}}{}^{\text{-}}$ must be:

  

  $\begin{array}{l}\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}\\ \text{Hybridization = 3 + 1}\\ {\text{Hybridization = sp}}^{\text{3}}\text{= pyramid}\end{array}$

For all the above structures, bond angle will be less than 120^o.

(l)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The molecular structure and the bond angle for ${\text{ClO}}_{\text{2}}^{\text{-}}{\text{, SCl}}_{\text{2}}{\text{, PCl}}_{\text{2}}{}^{\text{-}}$ that obey the octet rule needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Lewis dot structure is the representation which shows the bonding between atoms present in a molecule. It shows lone pairs and bond pairs that exist on each bonded atom. Lewis dot structure is also known as Lewis dot formula or electron dot structure.

The shape or geometry of molecule can be predicted with the help of hybridization and VSEPR theory. It can be checked with the below formula:

  $\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}$

Answer to Problem 95E

  ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}\text{ = bent }$ ; < 120°

  ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}\text{ = bent }$ ;120°

  ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}\text{ = bent }$ ;120°

Explanation of Solution

The bond formation between the atoms takes place due to the sharing of valence electrons of bonded atoms while the remaining electrons present in outer shell represented as lone pair of electrons. To draw the Lewis structure, calculate the total number of valence electrons in each atom and draw the structure in such a way that each atom gets its octet configuration.

Total number of valence electrons in ${\text{ClO}}_{\text{2}}^{\text{-}}$ :

  $(1\times 7)+(2\times 6)+1=20$

Hence the best Lewis structure for ${\text{ClO}}_{\text{2}}^{\text{-}}$ must be:

  

  $\begin{array}{l}\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}\\ \text{Hybridization = 2 + 2}\\ {\text{Hybridization = 4 = sp}}^{\text{3}}\text{ = bent }\end{array}$

Total number of valence electrons in ${\text{SCl}}_{\text{2}}$ :

  $(1\times 6)+(2\times 7)=20$

Hence the best Lewis structure for ${\text{SCl}}_{\text{2}}$ must be:

  

  $\begin{array}{l}\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}\\ \text{Hybridization = 2 + 2}\\ {\text{Hybridization = 4 = sp}}^{\text{3}}\text{ = bent }\end{array}$

Total number of valence electrons in ${\text{PCl}}_{\text{2}}{}^{\text{-}}$ :

  $(1\times 5)+(2\times 7)+1=20$

Hence the best Lewis structure for ${\text{PCl}}_{\text{2}}{}^{\text{-}}$ must be:

  

  $\begin{array}{l}\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}\\ \text{Hybridization = 2 + 2}\\ {\text{Hybridization = 4 = sp}}^{\text{3}}\text{ = bent }\end{array}$

(m)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The molecular structure and the bond angle for ${\text{N}}_{\text{2}}{\text{O}}_4{\text{,NO}}_{\text{2}}{}^{\text{-}}{\text{,NO}}_{\text{3}}{}^{\text{-}}$ needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Lewis dot structure is the representation which shows the bonding between atoms present in a molecule. It shows lone pairs and bond pairs that exist on each bonded atom. Lewis dot structure is also known as Lewis dot formula or electron dot structure.

The shape or geometry of molecule can be predicted with the help of hybridization and VSEPR theory. It can be checked with the below formula:

  $\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}$

Answer to Problem 95E

  ${\text{sp}}^2\text{ =V shape}$

  ${\text{sp}}^2\text{ = trigonal planar}$

  ${\text{sp}}^2\text{ = trigonal planar}$

For all the above, the bond angle is approximately 120°.

Explanation of Solution

The bond formation between the atoms takes place due to the sharing of valence electrons of bonded atoms while the remaining electrons present in outer shell represented as lone pair of electrons. To draw the Lewis structure, calculate the total number of valence electrons in each atom and draw the structure in such a way that each atom gets its octet configuration.

According to the given molecular formula, the structure of ${\text{NO}}_{\text{2}}{}^{\text{-}}$ must be:

  $(1\times 5)+(2\times 6)+1=18$

Hence the best Lewis structure for ${\text{NO}}_{\text{2}}{}^{\text{-}}$ must be:

  

  $\begin{array}{l}\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}\\ \text{Hybridization = 2 + 1}\\ {\text{Hybridization = 3 = sp}}^2\text{ = V shaped}\end{array}$

According to the given molecular formula, the structure of ${\text{NO}}_{\text{3}}{}^{\text{-}}$ must be:

  $(1\times 5)+(3\times 6)+1=24$

Hence the best Lewis structure for ${\text{NO}}_{\text{3}}{}^{\text{-}}$ must be:

  

  $\begin{array}{l}\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}\\ \text{Hybridization = 3 + 0}\\ {\text{Hybridization = 3 = sp}}^2\text{ = trigonal planar}\end{array}$

According to the given molecular formula, the structure of ${\text{N}}_{\text{2}}{\text{O}}_4$ must be:

  $(2\times 5)+(4\times 6)=34$

Hence the best Lewis structure for ${\text{N}}_{\text{2}}{\text{O}}_4$ must be:

  

  $\begin{array}{l}\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}\\ \text{Hybridization = 3 + 0}\\ {\text{Hybridization = 3 = sp}}^2\text{ = trigonal planar}\end{array}$

(n)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The molecular structure and the bond angle for ${\text{OCN}}^{\text{-}}{\text{,SCN}}^{\text{-}}{\text{,N}}_{\text{3}}{}^{\text{-}}$ needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Lewis dot structure is the representation which shows the bonding between atoms present in a molecule. It shows lone pairs and bond pairs that exist on each bonded atom. Lewis dot structure is also known as Lewis dot formula or electron dot structure.

The shape or geometry of molecule can be predicted with the help of hybridization and VSEPR theory. It can be checked with the below formula:

  $\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}$

Answer to Problem 95E

  

  

  

Explanation of Solution

The bond formation between the atoms takes place due to the sharing of valence electrons of bonded atoms while the remaining electrons present in outer shell represented as lone pair of electrons. To draw the Lewis structure, calculate the total number of valence electrons in each atom and draw the structure in such a way that each atom gets its octet configuration.

According to the given molecular formula, the structure of ${\text{OCN}}^{\text{-}}$ must be:

  $(1\times 6)+(1\times 4)+(1\times 5)+1=16$

Hence the best Lewis structure for ${\text{OCN}}^{\text{-}}$ must be:

  

According to the given molecular formula, the structure of ${\text{SCN}}^{\text{-}}$ must be:

  $(1\times 6)+(1\times 4)+(1\times 5)+1=16$

Hence the best Lewis structure for ${\text{SCN}}^{\text{-}}$ must be:

  

According to the given molecular formula, the structure of ${\text{N}}_{\text{3}}{}^{\text{-}}$ must be:

  $(3\times 5)+1=16$

Hence the best Lewis structure for ${\text{N}}_{\text{3}}{}^{\text{-}}$ must be:

  

Since all are linear ions therefore the bond angle must be 180°.