Chapter 13, Problem 35E

a)

To determine

To find the type of study.

Answer to Problem 35E

The prospective observational study.

Explanation of Solution

First need to understand about the experimental study and observational study:

Experimental study: Assigning people or things to groups and applying some treatment to one group, while the other group does not receive the treatment.

Observation study: In an observational study, measure or survey members of a sample without trying to affect them.

There are two types of Observational study:

Retrospective: The data are collected from the past by going back in time.

Prospective: The data are collected in the future.

The researchers followed a group of children born at a Copenhagen hospital between 1959 and 1961. The group of individuals for 40 years after they were selected, so prospective observational study is appropriate.

b)

To determine

To explain the result of supposed health benefits of wine.

Answer to Problem 35E

The result might be due to present of confounding variables.

Explanation of Solution

In this study, variables Income and education are confounding variables with Health. Therefore, the supposed relation between health and wine consumption might be explained by the confounding variables of income and education.

c)

To determine

To explain whether the given causation proved.

Answer to Problem 35E

None of these.

Explanation of Solution

The supposed relation between health and wine consumption might be explained by the confounding variables of income and education. Therefore, While the variables have a relation, there is no causality indicated for the relation. Hence, none of these prove causation.