Apply knowledge that you have gained in this chapter and one or more of the FLaReS principles to evaluate the following statements or claims. An activist claim that if catalytic converters can remove 90% of pollutants from automobile exhausts, it would be easy to remove the other 10%. Concept Introduction: FLaReS are a set of rules to test a claim: Falsifiability: is there any evidence to show that the claim is false. Logic: Any evidence provided in support of claim must be of sound reasoning. The conclusion follows inevitably from its premises provided the premise is true. Replicability: If a claim is based on the result of experiments it is necessary for the evidence to be applicable in all the other trials of the experiment. Sufficiency: For any claim, the claimant gets the burden of all the evidences. Extraordinary evidences are required for extraordinary claim. The evidences based on the testimony or authority are not adequate. A claim is said to be true of it possesses all the four sets of rules. If any one of the FLaReS tests is not fulfilled by any claim, it is likely to be false.

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Chapter 13, Problem 13.5CTE

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Apply knowledge that you have gained in this chapter and one or more of the FLaReS principles to evaluate the following statements or claims.

An activist claim that if catalytic converters can remove 90% of pollutants from automobile exhausts, it would be easy to remove the other 10%.

Concept Introduction:

FLaReS are a set of rules to test a claim:

Falsifiability: is there any evidence to show that the claim is false.

Logic: Any evidence provided in support of claim must be of sound reasoning. The conclusion follows inevitably from its premises provided the premise is true.

Replicability: If a claim is based on the result of experiments it is necessary for the evidence to be applicable in all the other trials of the experiment.

Sufficiency:

For any claim, the claimant gets the burden of all the evidences. Extraordinary evidences are required for extraordinary claim.
The evidences based on the testimony or authority are not adequate. A claim is said to be true of it possesses all the four sets of rules. If any one of the FLaReS tests is not fulfilled by any claim, it is likely to be false.

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a. What is the eluent used in the column chromatography here (a “silica plug filtration” is essentially a very short column)? b. The spectroscopy of compound 5b is described in the second half of this excerpt, including 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR (which you will learn about in CHEM 2412L), MS (which you will learn about later in CHEM 2411L) and IR. One of the IR signals is at 3530 cm-1. What functional group does this indicate might be present in compound 5b?

Steps and explanations. Also provide, if possible, ways to adress this kind of problems in general.

a. The first three lines of this procedure describe the reaction used to make compound 5b. In the fourth line, hexane and sodium bicarbonate are added. What organic lab technique is being used here? b. What is the purpose of the Na2SO4? c. What equipment would you use to “concentrate [a solution] under reduced pressure”?