Essential University Physics: Volume 1; Mastering Physics with Pearson eText -- ValuePack Access Card -- for Essential University Physics (3rd Edition)
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9780134197319
Author: Richard Wolfson
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 12, Problem 5FTD
When you carry a bucket of water with one hand, you instinctively extend your opposite arm. Why?
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Question B3
Consider the following FLRW spacetime:
t2
ds² = -dt² +
(dx²
+ dy²+ dz²),
t2
where t is a constant.
a)
State whether this universe is spatially open, closed or flat.
[2 marks]
b) Determine the Hubble factor H(t), and represent it in a (roughly drawn) plot as a function
of time t, starting at t = 0.
[3 marks]
c) Taking galaxy A to be located at (x, y, z) = (0,0,0), determine the proper distance to galaxy
B located at (x, y, z) = (L, 0, 0). Determine the recessional velocity of galaxy B with respect
to galaxy A.
d) The Friedmann equations are
2
k
8πG
а
4πG
+
a²
(p+3p).
3
a
3
[5 marks]
Use these equations to determine the energy density p(t) and the pressure p(t) for the
FLRW spacetime specified at the top of the page.
[5 marks]
e) Given the result of question B3.d, state whether the FLRW universe in question is (i)
radiation-dominated, (ii) matter-dominated, (iii) cosmological-constant-dominated, or (iv)
none of the previous. Justify your answer.
f)
[5 marks]
A conformally…
SECTION B
Answer ONLY TWO questions in Section B
[Expect to use one single-sided A4 page for each Section-B sub question.]
Question B1
Consider the line element
where w is a constant.
ds²=-dt²+e2wt dx²,
a) Determine the components of the metric and of the inverse metric.
[2 marks]
b) Determine the Christoffel symbols. [See the Appendix of this document.]
[10 marks]
c)
Write down the geodesic equations.
[5 marks]
d) Show that e2wt it is a constant of geodesic motion.
[4 marks]
e)
Solve the geodesic equations for null geodesics.
[4 marks]
Page 2
SECTION A
Answer ALL questions in Section A
[Expect to use one single-sided A4 page for each Section-A sub question.]
Question A1
SPA6308 (2024)
Consider Minkowski spacetime in Cartesian coordinates th
=
(t, x, y, z), such that
ds² = dt² + dx² + dy² + dz².
(a) Consider the vector with components V" = (1,-1,0,0). Determine V and V. V.
(b) Consider now the coordinate system x' (u, v, y, z) such that
u =t-x,
v=t+x.
[2 marks]
Write down the line element, the metric, the Christoffel symbols and the Riemann curvature
tensor in the new coordinates. [See the Appendix of this document.]
[5 marks]
(c) Determine V", that is, write the object in question A1.a in the coordinate system x'. Verify
explicitly that V. V is invariant under the coordinate transformation.
Question A2
[5 marks]
Suppose that A, is a covector field, and consider the object
Fv=AAμ.
(a) Show explicitly that F is a tensor, that is, show that it transforms appropriately under a
coordinate transformation.
[5 marks]
(b)…
Chapter 12 Solutions
Essential University Physics: Volume 1; Mastering Physics with Pearson eText -- ValuePack Access Card -- for Essential University Physics (3rd Edition)
Ch. 12.1 - The figure shows three pairs of forces acting on...Ch. 12.2 - Prob. 12.2GICh. 12.3 - The figure shows a person in static equilibrium...Ch. 12.4 - Prob. 12.4GICh. 12 - Give an example of an object on which the net...Ch. 12 - Give an example of an object on which the net...Ch. 12 - Prob. 3FTDCh. 12 - Pregnant women often assume a posture with their...Ch. 12 - When you carry a bucket of water with one hand,...Ch. 12 - Is a ladder more likely to slip when you stand...
Ch. 12 - How does a heavy keel help keep a boat from...Ch. 12 - Does choosing a pivot point in an equilibrium...Ch. 12 - If you take the pivot point at the application...Ch. 12 - A short dog and a tall person are standing on a...Ch. 12 - Prob. 11FTDCh. 12 - A body is subject to three forces; F1=1i+2jN,...Ch. 12 - To demonstrate that the choice of pivot point...Ch. 12 - In Fig. 12.11 the forces shown all have the same...Ch. 12 - Figure 12.12a shows a thin, uniform square plate...Ch. 12 - Repeat the preceding problem for the equilateral...Ch. 12 - A 23-m-long log of irregular cross section lies...Ch. 12 - A 60-kg uniform board 2.4 m long is supported by a...Ch. 12 - Where should the child in Fig. 12.14 sit if the...Ch. 12 - A 4.2-m-long beam is supported by a cable at its...Ch. 12 - Figure 12.15 shows how a scale with a capacity of...Ch. 12 - A portion of a roller-coaster track is described...Ch. 12 - Prob. 23ECh. 12 - Youre a highway safety engineer, and youre asked...Ch. 12 - Figure 12.17a shows an outstretched arm with mass...Ch. 12 - A uniform sphere of radius R is supported by a...Ch. 12 - You work for a garden equipment company, and youre...Ch. 12 - Figure 12.20 shows the fool and lower leg of a...Ch. 12 - A uniform 5.0-kg ladder is leaning against a...Ch. 12 - The boom in the crane of Fig. 12.21 is free to...Ch. 12 - A uniform board of length L and weight W is...Ch. 12 - Figure 12.23 shows a 1250-kg car that has slipped...Ch. 12 - Repeat Example 12.2, now assuming that the...Ch. 12 - You are headwaiter at a new restaurant, and your...Ch. 12 - Climbers attempting to cross a stream place a...Ch. 12 - A crane in a marble quarry is mounted on the...Ch. 12 - A rectangular block measures w w L, where L is...Ch. 12 - The potential energy as a function of position for...Ch. 12 - A rectangular block of mass m measures w w L,...Ch. 12 - A 160-kg highway sign of uniform density is 2.3 m...Ch. 12 - A 5.0-m-long ladder has mass 9.5 kg and is leaning...Ch. 12 - Prob. 42PCh. 12 - A uniform, solid cube of mass m and side s is in...Ch. 12 - An isosceles triangular block of mass m and height...Ch. 12 - Youre investigating ladder safety for the Consumer...Ch. 12 - A 2.0-m-long rod has density in kilograms per...Ch. 12 - What horizontal force applied at its highest point...Ch. 12 - A rectangular block twice as high as it is wide is...Ch. 12 - What condition on the coefficient of friction in...Ch. 12 - A uniform solid cone of height h and base diameter...Ch. 12 - Prove the statement in Section 12.1 that the...Ch. 12 - Three identical books of length L are stacked over...Ch. 12 - A uniform pole of mass M is at rest on an incline...Ch. 12 - For what angle does the situation in Problem 53...Ch. 12 - Figure 12.31 shows a popular system for mounting...Ch. 12 - The nuchal ligament is a thick, cordlike structure...Ch. 12 - A 4.2-kg plant hangs from the bracket shown in...Ch. 12 - The wheel in Fig. 12.34 has mass M and is weighted...Ch. 12 - An interstellar spacecraft from an advanced...Ch. 12 - Youre called to testify in a product liability...Ch. 12 - Youre designing a vacation cabin at a ski resort....Ch. 12 - Prob. 62PCh. 12 - Engineers designing a new semiconductor device...Ch. 12 - Youve been hired by your states environmental...Ch. 12 - Youve been hired by your states environmental...Ch. 12 - Youve been hired by your states environmental...Ch. 12 - Youve been hired by your states environmental...
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