The major product of the given reaction should be given. Concept introduction: Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical. Bond strength depends on the formation of the radical, if the radical is involving in resonance which is weakest bond strength. Bromination of Allylic Carbons: N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) is used for the allylic bromination through radical reaction. Bromination of allylic carbon requires low concentration of bromine and low concentration of hydrobromic acid. If high concentration of bromine and high concentration of hydrobromic acid are used, it leads to the formation of bromination in the double bond. Bromination reaction starts with the homolytic cleavage of N-Br bond in N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) which creates bromine radical to initiate the radical bromination reaction. NBS bromine radical removes the allylic hydrogen which forms hydrogen bromide and allylic radical in the first propagation step, the allylic radical is stabilized by the double bond in ring. This allylic radical reacts with bromine molecule and forms allylic bromide in the second propagation step which are shown above.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 12, Problem 31P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product of the given reaction should be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Bond strength depends on the formation of the radical, if the radical is involving in resonance which is weakest bond strength.

Bromination of Allylic Carbons:

N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) is used for the allylic bromination through radical reaction. Bromination of allylic carbon requires low concentration of bromine and low concentration of hydrobromic acid. If high concentration of bromine and high concentration of hydrobromic acid are used, it leads to the formation of bromination in the double bond.

Bromination reaction starts with the homolytic cleavage of N-Br bond in N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) which creates bromine radical to initiate the radical bromination reaction.

NBS bromine radical removes the allylic hydrogen which forms hydrogen bromide and allylic radical in the first propagation step, the allylic radical is stabilized by the double bond in ring. This allylic radical reacts with bromine molecule and forms allylic bromide in the second propagation step which are shown above.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product of the given reaction should be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Bond strength is depends on the formation of the radical, if the radical is involving in resonance which is weakest bond strength.

Bromination of Allylic Carbons:

N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) is used for the allylic bromination through radical reaction. Bromination of allylic carbon requires low concentration of bromine and low concentration of hydrobromic acid. If high concentration of bromine and high concentration of hydrobromic acid are used, it leads to the formation of bromination in the double bond.

Bromination reaction starts with the homolytic cleavage of N-Br bond in N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) which creates bromine radical to initiate the radical bromination reaction.

NBS bromine radical removes the allylic hydrogen which forms hydrogen bromide and allylic radical in the first propagation step, the allylic radical is stabilized by the double bond in ring. This allylic radical reacts with bromine molecule and forms allylic bromide in the second propagation step which are shown above.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product of the given reaction should be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Bond strength is depends on the formation of the radical, if the radical is involving in resonance which is weakest bond strength.

Bromination of Allylic Carbons:

N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) is used for the allylic bromination through radical reaction. Bromination of allylic carbon requires low concentration of bromine and low concentration of hydrobromic acid. If high concentration of bromine and high concentration of hydrobromic acid are used, it leads to the formation of bromination in the double bond.

Bromination reaction starts with the homolytic cleavage of N-Br bond in N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) which creates bromine radical to initiate the radical bromination reaction.

NBS bromine radical removes the allylic hydrogen which forms hydrogen bromide and allylic radical in the first propagation step, the allylic radical is stabilized by the double bond in ring. This allylic radical reacts with bromine molecule and forms allylic bromide in the second propagation step which are shown above.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product of the given reaction should be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Bond strength is depends on the formation of the radical, if the radical is involving in resonance which is weakest bond strength.

Bromination of Allylic Carbons:

N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) is used for the allylic bromination through radical reaction. Bromination of allylic carbon requires low concentration of bromine and low concentration of hydrobromic acid. If high concentration of bromine and high concentration of hydrobromic acid are used, it leads to the formation of bromination in the double bond.

Bromination reaction starts with the homolytic cleavage of N-Br bond in N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) which creates bromine radical to initiate the radical bromination reaction.

NBS bromine radical removes the allylic hydrogen which forms hydrogen bromide and allylic radical in the first propagation step, the allylic radical is stabilized by the double bond in ring. This allylic radical reacts with bromine molecule and forms allylic bromide in the second propagation step which are shown above.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product of the given reaction should be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Bond strength is depends on the formation of the radical, if the radical is involving in resonance which is weakest bond strength.

Bromination of Allylic Carbons:

N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) is used for the allylic bromination through radical reaction. Bromination of allylic carbon requires low concentration of bromine and low concentration of hydrobromic acid. If high concentration of bromine and high concentration of hydrobromic acid are used, it leads to the formation of bromination in the double bond.

Bromination reaction starts with the homolytic cleavage of N-Br bond in N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) which creates bromine radical to initiate the radical bromination reaction.

NBS bromine radical removes the allylic hydrogen which forms hydrogen bromide and allylic radical in the first propagation step, the allylic radical is stabilized by the double bond in ring. This allylic radical reacts with bromine molecule and forms allylic bromide in the second propagation step which are shown above.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product of the given reaction should be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Bond strength is depends on the formation of the radical, if the radical is involving in resonance which is weakest bond strength.

Bromination of Allylic Carbons:

N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) is used for the allylic bromination through radical reaction. Bromination of allylic carbon requires low concentration of bromine and low concentration of hydrobromic acid. If high concentration of bromine and high concentration of hydrobromic acid are used, it leads to the formation of bromination in the double bond.

Bromination reaction starts with the homolytic cleavage of N-Br bond in N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) which creates bromine radical to initiate the radical bromination reaction.

NBS bromine radical removes the allylic hydrogen which forms hydrogen bromide and allylic radical in the first propagation step, the allylic radical is stabilized by the double bond in ring. This allylic radical reacts with bromine molecule and forms allylic bromide in the second propagation step which are shown above.

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Instructions: Complete the questions in the space provided. Show all your work 1. You are trying to determine the rate law expression for a reaction that you are completing at 25°C. You measure the initial reaction rate and the starting concentrations of the reactions for 4 trials. BrO³¯ (aq) + 5Br¯ (aq) + 6H* (aq) → 3Br₂ (l) + 3H2O (l) Initial rate Trial [BrO3] [H*] [Br] (mol/L) (mol/L) | (mol/L) (mol/L.s) 1 0.10 0.10 0.10 8.0 2 0.20 0.10 0.10 16 3 0.10 0.20 0.10 16 4 0.10 0.10 0.20 32 a. Based on the above data what is the rate law expression? b. Solve for the value of k (make sure to include proper units) 2. The proposed reaction mechanism is as follows: i. ii. BrО¸¯ (aq) + H+ (aq) → HBrO3 (aq) HBrO³ (aq) + H* (aq) → H₂BrO3* (aq) iii. H₂BrO³* (aq) + Br¯ (aq) → Br₂O₂ (aq) + H2O (l) [Fast] [Medium] [Slow] iv. Br₂O₂ (aq) + 4H*(aq) + 4Br‍(aq) → 3Br₂ (l) + H2O (l) [Fast] Evaluate the validity of this proposed reaction. Justify your answer.

е. Д CH3 D*, D20

C. NaOMe, Br Br

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 12, Problem 31P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product of the given reaction should be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Bond strength depends on the formation of the radical, if the radical is involving in resonance which is weakest bond strength.

Bromination of Allylic Carbons:

N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) is used for the allylic bromination through radical reaction. Bromination of allylic carbon requires low concentration of bromine and low concentration of hydrobromic acid. If high concentration of bromine and high concentration of hydrobromic acid are used, it leads to the formation of bromination in the double bond.

Bromination reaction starts with the homolytic cleavage of N-Br bond in N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) which creates bromine radical to initiate the radical bromination reaction.

NBS bromine radical removes the allylic hydrogen which forms hydrogen bromide and allylic radical in the first propagation step, the allylic radical is stabilized by the double bond in ring. This allylic radical reacts with bromine molecule and forms allylic bromide in the second propagation step which are shown above.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product of the given reaction should be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Bond strength is depends on the formation of the radical, if the radical is involving in resonance which is weakest bond strength.

Bromination of Allylic Carbons:

N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) is used for the allylic bromination through radical reaction. Bromination of allylic carbon requires low concentration of bromine and low concentration of hydrobromic acid. If high concentration of bromine and high concentration of hydrobromic acid are used, it leads to the formation of bromination in the double bond.

Bromination reaction starts with the homolytic cleavage of N-Br bond in N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) which creates bromine radical to initiate the radical bromination reaction.

NBS bromine radical removes the allylic hydrogen which forms hydrogen bromide and allylic radical in the first propagation step, the allylic radical is stabilized by the double bond in ring. This allylic radical reacts with bromine molecule and forms allylic bromide in the second propagation step which are shown above.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product of the given reaction should be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Bond strength is depends on the formation of the radical, if the radical is involving in resonance which is weakest bond strength.

Bromination of Allylic Carbons:

N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) is used for the allylic bromination through radical reaction. Bromination of allylic carbon requires low concentration of bromine and low concentration of hydrobromic acid. If high concentration of bromine and high concentration of hydrobromic acid are used, it leads to the formation of bromination in the double bond.

Bromination reaction starts with the homolytic cleavage of N-Br bond in N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) which creates bromine radical to initiate the radical bromination reaction.

NBS bromine radical removes the allylic hydrogen which forms hydrogen bromide and allylic radical in the first propagation step, the allylic radical is stabilized by the double bond in ring. This allylic radical reacts with bromine molecule and forms allylic bromide in the second propagation step which are shown above.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product of the given reaction should be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Bond strength is depends on the formation of the radical, if the radical is involving in resonance which is weakest bond strength.

Bromination of Allylic Carbons:

N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) is used for the allylic bromination through radical reaction. Bromination of allylic carbon requires low concentration of bromine and low concentration of hydrobromic acid. If high concentration of bromine and high concentration of hydrobromic acid are used, it leads to the formation of bromination in the double bond.

Bromination reaction starts with the homolytic cleavage of N-Br bond in N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) which creates bromine radical to initiate the radical bromination reaction.

NBS bromine radical removes the allylic hydrogen which forms hydrogen bromide and allylic radical in the first propagation step, the allylic radical is stabilized by the double bond in ring. This allylic radical reacts with bromine molecule and forms allylic bromide in the second propagation step which are shown above.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product of the given reaction should be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Bond strength is depends on the formation of the radical, if the radical is involving in resonance which is weakest bond strength.

Bromination of Allylic Carbons:

N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) is used for the allylic bromination through radical reaction. Bromination of allylic carbon requires low concentration of bromine and low concentration of hydrobromic acid. If high concentration of bromine and high concentration of hydrobromic acid are used, it leads to the formation of bromination in the double bond.

Bromination reaction starts with the homolytic cleavage of N-Br bond in N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) which creates bromine radical to initiate the radical bromination reaction.

NBS bromine radical removes the allylic hydrogen which forms hydrogen bromide and allylic radical in the first propagation step, the allylic radical is stabilized by the double bond in ring. This allylic radical reacts with bromine molecule and forms allylic bromide in the second propagation step which are shown above.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product of the given reaction should be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Bond strength is depends on the formation of the radical, if the radical is involving in resonance which is weakest bond strength.

Bromination of Allylic Carbons:

N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) is used for the allylic bromination through radical reaction. Bromination of allylic carbon requires low concentration of bromine and low concentration of hydrobromic acid. If high concentration of bromine and high concentration of hydrobromic acid are used, it leads to the formation of bromination in the double bond.

Bromination reaction starts with the homolytic cleavage of N-Br bond in N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) which creates bromine radical to initiate the radical bromination reaction.

NBS bromine radical removes the allylic hydrogen which forms hydrogen bromide and allylic radical in the first propagation step, the allylic radical is stabilized by the double bond in ring. This allylic radical reacts with bromine molecule and forms allylic bromide in the second propagation step which are shown above.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 12, Problem 31P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product of the given reaction should be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Bond strength depends on the formation of the radical, if the radical is involving in resonance which is weakest bond strength.

Bromination of Allylic Carbons:

N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) is used for the allylic bromination through radical reaction. Bromination of allylic carbon requires low concentration of bromine and low concentration of hydrobromic acid. If high concentration of bromine and high concentration of hydrobromic acid are used, it leads to the formation of bromination in the double bond.

Bromination reaction starts with the homolytic cleavage of N-Br bond in N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) which creates bromine radical to initiate the radical bromination reaction.

NBS bromine radical removes the allylic hydrogen which forms hydrogen bromide and allylic radical in the first propagation step, the allylic radical is stabilized by the double bond in ring. This allylic radical reacts with bromine molecule and forms allylic bromide in the second propagation step which are shown above.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product of the given reaction should be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Bond strength is depends on the formation of the radical, if the radical is involving in resonance which is weakest bond strength.

Bromination of Allylic Carbons:

N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) is used for the allylic bromination through radical reaction. Bromination of allylic carbon requires low concentration of bromine and low concentration of hydrobromic acid. If high concentration of bromine and high concentration of hydrobromic acid are used, it leads to the formation of bromination in the double bond.

Bromination reaction starts with the homolytic cleavage of N-Br bond in N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) which creates bromine radical to initiate the radical bromination reaction.

NBS bromine radical removes the allylic hydrogen which forms hydrogen bromide and allylic radical in the first propagation step, the allylic radical is stabilized by the double bond in ring. This allylic radical reacts with bromine molecule and forms allylic bromide in the second propagation step which are shown above.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product of the given reaction should be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Bond strength is depends on the formation of the radical, if the radical is involving in resonance which is weakest bond strength.

Bromination of Allylic Carbons:

N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) is used for the allylic bromination through radical reaction. Bromination of allylic carbon requires low concentration of bromine and low concentration of hydrobromic acid. If high concentration of bromine and high concentration of hydrobromic acid are used, it leads to the formation of bromination in the double bond.

Bromination reaction starts with the homolytic cleavage of N-Br bond in N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) which creates bromine radical to initiate the radical bromination reaction.

NBS bromine radical removes the allylic hydrogen which forms hydrogen bromide and allylic radical in the first propagation step, the allylic radical is stabilized by the double bond in ring. This allylic radical reacts with bromine molecule and forms allylic bromide in the second propagation step which are shown above.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product of the given reaction should be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Bond strength is depends on the formation of the radical, if the radical is involving in resonance which is weakest bond strength.

Bromination of Allylic Carbons:

N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) is used for the allylic bromination through radical reaction. Bromination of allylic carbon requires low concentration of bromine and low concentration of hydrobromic acid. If high concentration of bromine and high concentration of hydrobromic acid are used, it leads to the formation of bromination in the double bond.

Bromination reaction starts with the homolytic cleavage of N-Br bond in N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) which creates bromine radical to initiate the radical bromination reaction.

NBS bromine radical removes the allylic hydrogen which forms hydrogen bromide and allylic radical in the first propagation step, the allylic radical is stabilized by the double bond in ring. This allylic radical reacts with bromine molecule and forms allylic bromide in the second propagation step which are shown above.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product of the given reaction should be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Bond strength is depends on the formation of the radical, if the radical is involving in resonance which is weakest bond strength.

Bromination of Allylic Carbons:

N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) is used for the allylic bromination through radical reaction. Bromination of allylic carbon requires low concentration of bromine and low concentration of hydrobromic acid. If high concentration of bromine and high concentration of hydrobromic acid are used, it leads to the formation of bromination in the double bond.

Bromination reaction starts with the homolytic cleavage of N-Br bond in N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) which creates bromine radical to initiate the radical bromination reaction.

NBS bromine radical removes the allylic hydrogen which forms hydrogen bromide and allylic radical in the first propagation step, the allylic radical is stabilized by the double bond in ring. This allylic radical reacts with bromine molecule and forms allylic bromide in the second propagation step which are shown above.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product of the given reaction should be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Bond strength is depends on the formation of the radical, if the radical is involving in resonance which is weakest bond strength.

Bromination of Allylic Carbons:

N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) is used for the allylic bromination through radical reaction. Bromination of allylic carbon requires low concentration of bromine and low concentration of hydrobromic acid. If high concentration of bromine and high concentration of hydrobromic acid are used, it leads to the formation of bromination in the double bond.

Bromination reaction starts with the homolytic cleavage of N-Br bond in N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) which creates bromine radical to initiate the radical bromination reaction.

NBS bromine radical removes the allylic hydrogen which forms hydrogen bromide and allylic radical in the first propagation step, the allylic radical is stabilized by the double bond in ring. This allylic radical reacts with bromine molecule and forms allylic bromide in the second propagation step which are shown above.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 12, Problem 31P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product of the given reaction should be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Bond strength depends on the formation of the radical, if the radical is involving in resonance which is weakest bond strength.

Bromination of Allylic Carbons:

N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) is used for the allylic bromination through radical reaction. Bromination of allylic carbon requires low concentration of bromine and low concentration of hydrobromic acid. If high concentration of bromine and high concentration of hydrobromic acid are used, it leads to the formation of bromination in the double bond.

Bromination reaction starts with the homolytic cleavage of N-Br bond in N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) which creates bromine radical to initiate the radical bromination reaction.

NBS bromine radical removes the allylic hydrogen which forms hydrogen bromide and allylic radical in the first propagation step, the allylic radical is stabilized by the double bond in ring. This allylic radical reacts with bromine molecule and forms allylic bromide in the second propagation step which are shown above.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product of the given reaction should be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Bond strength is depends on the formation of the radical, if the radical is involving in resonance which is weakest bond strength.

Bromination of Allylic Carbons:

N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) is used for the allylic bromination through radical reaction. Bromination of allylic carbon requires low concentration of bromine and low concentration of hydrobromic acid. If high concentration of bromine and high concentration of hydrobromic acid are used, it leads to the formation of bromination in the double bond.

Bromination reaction starts with the homolytic cleavage of N-Br bond in N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) which creates bromine radical to initiate the radical bromination reaction.

NBS bromine radical removes the allylic hydrogen which forms hydrogen bromide and allylic radical in the first propagation step, the allylic radical is stabilized by the double bond in ring. This allylic radical reacts with bromine molecule and forms allylic bromide in the second propagation step which are shown above.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product of the given reaction should be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Bond strength is depends on the formation of the radical, if the radical is involving in resonance which is weakest bond strength.

Bromination of Allylic Carbons:

N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) is used for the allylic bromination through radical reaction. Bromination of allylic carbon requires low concentration of bromine and low concentration of hydrobromic acid. If high concentration of bromine and high concentration of hydrobromic acid are used, it leads to the formation of bromination in the double bond.

Bromination reaction starts with the homolytic cleavage of N-Br bond in N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) which creates bromine radical to initiate the radical bromination reaction.

NBS bromine radical removes the allylic hydrogen which forms hydrogen bromide and allylic radical in the first propagation step, the allylic radical is stabilized by the double bond in ring. This allylic radical reacts with bromine molecule and forms allylic bromide in the second propagation step which are shown above.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product of the given reaction should be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Bond strength is depends on the formation of the radical, if the radical is involving in resonance which is weakest bond strength.

Bromination of Allylic Carbons:

N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) is used for the allylic bromination through radical reaction. Bromination of allylic carbon requires low concentration of bromine and low concentration of hydrobromic acid. If high concentration of bromine and high concentration of hydrobromic acid are used, it leads to the formation of bromination in the double bond.

Bromination reaction starts with the homolytic cleavage of N-Br bond in N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) which creates bromine radical to initiate the radical bromination reaction.

NBS bromine radical removes the allylic hydrogen which forms hydrogen bromide and allylic radical in the first propagation step, the allylic radical is stabilized by the double bond in ring. This allylic radical reacts with bromine molecule and forms allylic bromide in the second propagation step which are shown above.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product of the given reaction should be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Bond strength is depends on the formation of the radical, if the radical is involving in resonance which is weakest bond strength.

Bromination of Allylic Carbons:

N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) is used for the allylic bromination through radical reaction. Bromination of allylic carbon requires low concentration of bromine and low concentration of hydrobromic acid. If high concentration of bromine and high concentration of hydrobromic acid are used, it leads to the formation of bromination in the double bond.

Bromination reaction starts with the homolytic cleavage of N-Br bond in N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) which creates bromine radical to initiate the radical bromination reaction.

NBS bromine radical removes the allylic hydrogen which forms hydrogen bromide and allylic radical in the first propagation step, the allylic radical is stabilized by the double bond in ring. This allylic radical reacts with bromine molecule and forms allylic bromide in the second propagation step which are shown above.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product of the given reaction should be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Bond strength is depends on the formation of the radical, if the radical is involving in resonance which is weakest bond strength.

Bromination of Allylic Carbons:

N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) is used for the allylic bromination through radical reaction. Bromination of allylic carbon requires low concentration of bromine and low concentration of hydrobromic acid. If high concentration of bromine and high concentration of hydrobromic acid are used, it leads to the formation of bromination in the double bond.

Bromination reaction starts with the homolytic cleavage of N-Br bond in N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) which creates bromine radical to initiate the radical bromination reaction.

NBS bromine radical removes the allylic hydrogen which forms hydrogen bromide and allylic radical in the first propagation step, the allylic radical is stabilized by the double bond in ring. This allylic radical reacts with bromine molecule and forms allylic bromide in the second propagation step which are shown above.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 5

Chapter 12, Problem 31P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product of the given reaction should be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Bond strength depends on the formation of the radical, if the radical is involving in resonance which is weakest bond strength.

Bromination of Allylic Carbons:

N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) is used for the allylic bromination through radical reaction. Bromination of allylic carbon requires low concentration of bromine and low concentration of hydrobromic acid. If high concentration of bromine and high concentration of hydrobromic acid are used, it leads to the formation of bromination in the double bond.

Bromination reaction starts with the homolytic cleavage of N-Br bond in N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) which creates bromine radical to initiate the radical bromination reaction.

NBS bromine radical removes the allylic hydrogen which forms hydrogen bromide and allylic radical in the first propagation step, the allylic radical is stabilized by the double bond in ring. This allylic radical reacts with bromine molecule and forms allylic bromide in the second propagation step which are shown above.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product of the given reaction should be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Bond strength is depends on the formation of the radical, if the radical is involving in resonance which is weakest bond strength.

Bromination of Allylic Carbons:

N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) is used for the allylic bromination through radical reaction. Bromination of allylic carbon requires low concentration of bromine and low concentration of hydrobromic acid. If high concentration of bromine and high concentration of hydrobromic acid are used, it leads to the formation of bromination in the double bond.

Bromination reaction starts with the homolytic cleavage of N-Br bond in N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) which creates bromine radical to initiate the radical bromination reaction.

NBS bromine radical removes the allylic hydrogen which forms hydrogen bromide and allylic radical in the first propagation step, the allylic radical is stabilized by the double bond in ring. This allylic radical reacts with bromine molecule and forms allylic bromide in the second propagation step which are shown above.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product of the given reaction should be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Bond strength is depends on the formation of the radical, if the radical is involving in resonance which is weakest bond strength.

Bromination of Allylic Carbons:

N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) is used for the allylic bromination through radical reaction. Bromination of allylic carbon requires low concentration of bromine and low concentration of hydrobromic acid. If high concentration of bromine and high concentration of hydrobromic acid are used, it leads to the formation of bromination in the double bond.

Bromination reaction starts with the homolytic cleavage of N-Br bond in N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) which creates bromine radical to initiate the radical bromination reaction.

NBS bromine radical removes the allylic hydrogen which forms hydrogen bromide and allylic radical in the first propagation step, the allylic radical is stabilized by the double bond in ring. This allylic radical reacts with bromine molecule and forms allylic bromide in the second propagation step which are shown above.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product of the given reaction should be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Bond strength is depends on the formation of the radical, if the radical is involving in resonance which is weakest bond strength.

Bromination of Allylic Carbons:

N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) is used for the allylic bromination through radical reaction. Bromination of allylic carbon requires low concentration of bromine and low concentration of hydrobromic acid. If high concentration of bromine and high concentration of hydrobromic acid are used, it leads to the formation of bromination in the double bond.

Bromination reaction starts with the homolytic cleavage of N-Br bond in N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) which creates bromine radical to initiate the radical bromination reaction.

NBS bromine radical removes the allylic hydrogen which forms hydrogen bromide and allylic radical in the first propagation step, the allylic radical is stabilized by the double bond in ring. This allylic radical reacts with bromine molecule and forms allylic bromide in the second propagation step which are shown above.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product of the given reaction should be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Bond strength is depends on the formation of the radical, if the radical is involving in resonance which is weakest bond strength.

Bromination of Allylic Carbons:

N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) is used for the allylic bromination through radical reaction. Bromination of allylic carbon requires low concentration of bromine and low concentration of hydrobromic acid. If high concentration of bromine and high concentration of hydrobromic acid are used, it leads to the formation of bromination in the double bond.

Bromination reaction starts with the homolytic cleavage of N-Br bond in N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) which creates bromine radical to initiate the radical bromination reaction.

NBS bromine radical removes the allylic hydrogen which forms hydrogen bromide and allylic radical in the first propagation step, the allylic radical is stabilized by the double bond in ring. This allylic radical reacts with bromine molecule and forms allylic bromide in the second propagation step which are shown above.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product of the given reaction should be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Bond strength is depends on the formation of the radical, if the radical is involving in resonance which is weakest bond strength.

Bromination of Allylic Carbons:

N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) is used for the allylic bromination through radical reaction. Bromination of allylic carbon requires low concentration of bromine and low concentration of hydrobromic acid. If high concentration of bromine and high concentration of hydrobromic acid are used, it leads to the formation of bromination in the double bond.

Bromination reaction starts with the homolytic cleavage of N-Br bond in N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) which creates bromine radical to initiate the radical bromination reaction.

NBS bromine radical removes the allylic hydrogen which forms hydrogen bromide and allylic radical in the first propagation step, the allylic radical is stabilized by the double bond in ring. This allylic radical reacts with bromine molecule and forms allylic bromide in the second propagation step which are shown above.

Answer 6

Chapter 12, Problem 31P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product of the given reaction should be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Bond strength depends on the formation of the radical, if the radical is involving in resonance which is weakest bond strength.

Bromination of Allylic Carbons:

N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) is used for the allylic bromination through radical reaction. Bromination of allylic carbon requires low concentration of bromine and low concentration of hydrobromic acid. If high concentration of bromine and high concentration of hydrobromic acid are used, it leads to the formation of bromination in the double bond.

Bromination reaction starts with the homolytic cleavage of N-Br bond in N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) which creates bromine radical to initiate the radical bromination reaction.

NBS bromine radical removes the allylic hydrogen which forms hydrogen bromide and allylic radical in the first propagation step, the allylic radical is stabilized by the double bond in ring. This allylic radical reacts with bromine molecule and forms allylic bromide in the second propagation step which are shown above.

Answer 7

Chapter 12, Problem 31P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product of the given reaction should be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Bond strength depends on the formation of the radical, if the radical is involving in resonance which is weakest bond strength.

Bromination of Allylic Carbons:

N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) is used for the allylic bromination through radical reaction. Bromination of allylic carbon requires low concentration of bromine and low concentration of hydrobromic acid. If high concentration of bromine and high concentration of hydrobromic acid are used, it leads to the formation of bromination in the double bond.

Bromination reaction starts with the homolytic cleavage of N-Br bond in N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) which creates bromine radical to initiate the radical bromination reaction.

NBS bromine radical removes the allylic hydrogen which forms hydrogen bromide and allylic radical in the first propagation step, the allylic radical is stabilized by the double bond in ring. This allylic radical reacts with bromine molecule and forms allylic bromide in the second propagation step which are shown above.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product of the given reaction should be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Bond strength is depends on the formation of the radical, if the radical is involving in resonance which is weakest bond strength.

Bromination of Allylic Carbons:

N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) is used for the allylic bromination through radical reaction. Bromination of allylic carbon requires low concentration of bromine and low concentration of hydrobromic acid. If high concentration of bromine and high concentration of hydrobromic acid are used, it leads to the formation of bromination in the double bond.

Bromination reaction starts with the homolytic cleavage of N-Br bond in N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) which creates bromine radical to initiate the radical bromination reaction.

NBS bromine radical removes the allylic hydrogen which forms hydrogen bromide and allylic radical in the first propagation step, the allylic radical is stabilized by the double bond in ring. This allylic radical reacts with bromine molecule and forms allylic bromide in the second propagation step which are shown above.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product of the given reaction should be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Bond strength is depends on the formation of the radical, if the radical is involving in resonance which is weakest bond strength.

Bromination of Allylic Carbons:

N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) is used for the allylic bromination through radical reaction. Bromination of allylic carbon requires low concentration of bromine and low concentration of hydrobromic acid. If high concentration of bromine and high concentration of hydrobromic acid are used, it leads to the formation of bromination in the double bond.

Bromination reaction starts with the homolytic cleavage of N-Br bond in N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) which creates bromine radical to initiate the radical bromination reaction.

NBS bromine radical removes the allylic hydrogen which forms hydrogen bromide and allylic radical in the first propagation step, the allylic radical is stabilized by the double bond in ring. This allylic radical reacts with bromine molecule and forms allylic bromide in the second propagation step which are shown above.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product of the given reaction should be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Bond strength is depends on the formation of the radical, if the radical is involving in resonance which is weakest bond strength.

Bromination of Allylic Carbons:

N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) is used for the allylic bromination through radical reaction. Bromination of allylic carbon requires low concentration of bromine and low concentration of hydrobromic acid. If high concentration of bromine and high concentration of hydrobromic acid are used, it leads to the formation of bromination in the double bond.

Bromination reaction starts with the homolytic cleavage of N-Br bond in N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) which creates bromine radical to initiate the radical bromination reaction.

NBS bromine radical removes the allylic hydrogen which forms hydrogen bromide and allylic radical in the first propagation step, the allylic radical is stabilized by the double bond in ring. This allylic radical reacts with bromine molecule and forms allylic bromide in the second propagation step which are shown above.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product of the given reaction should be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Bond strength is depends on the formation of the radical, if the radical is involving in resonance which is weakest bond strength.

Bromination of Allylic Carbons:

N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) is used for the allylic bromination through radical reaction. Bromination of allylic carbon requires low concentration of bromine and low concentration of hydrobromic acid. If high concentration of bromine and high concentration of hydrobromic acid are used, it leads to the formation of bromination in the double bond.

Bromination reaction starts with the homolytic cleavage of N-Br bond in N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) which creates bromine radical to initiate the radical bromination reaction.

NBS bromine radical removes the allylic hydrogen which forms hydrogen bromide and allylic radical in the first propagation step, the allylic radical is stabilized by the double bond in ring. This allylic radical reacts with bromine molecule and forms allylic bromide in the second propagation step which are shown above.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product of the given reaction should be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Bond strength is depends on the formation of the radical, if the radical is involving in resonance which is weakest bond strength.

Bromination of Allylic Carbons:

N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) is used for the allylic bromination through radical reaction. Bromination of allylic carbon requires low concentration of bromine and low concentration of hydrobromic acid. If high concentration of bromine and high concentration of hydrobromic acid are used, it leads to the formation of bromination in the double bond.

Bromination reaction starts with the homolytic cleavage of N-Br bond in N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) which creates bromine radical to initiate the radical bromination reaction.

NBS bromine radical removes the allylic hydrogen which forms hydrogen bromide and allylic radical in the first propagation step, the allylic radical is stabilized by the double bond in ring. This allylic radical reacts with bromine molecule and forms allylic bromide in the second propagation step which are shown above.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product of the given reaction should be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Bond strength is depends on the formation of the radical, if the radical is involving in resonance which is weakest bond strength.

Bromination of Allylic Carbons:

N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) is used for the allylic bromination through radical reaction. Bromination of allylic carbon requires low concentration of bromine and low concentration of hydrobromic acid. If high concentration of bromine and high concentration of hydrobromic acid are used, it leads to the formation of bromination in the double bond.

Bromination reaction starts with the homolytic cleavage of N-Br bond in N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) which creates bromine radical to initiate the radical bromination reaction.

NBS bromine radical removes the allylic hydrogen which forms hydrogen bromide and allylic radical in the first propagation step, the allylic radical is stabilized by the double bond in ring. This allylic radical reacts with bromine molecule and forms allylic bromide in the second propagation step which are shown above.

Answer 14

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product of the given reaction should be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Bond strength is depends on the formation of the radical, if the radical is involving in resonance which is weakest bond strength.

Bromination of Allylic Carbons:

N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) is used for the allylic bromination through radical reaction. Bromination of allylic carbon requires low concentration of bromine and low concentration of hydrobromic acid. If high concentration of bromine and high concentration of hydrobromic acid are used, it leads to the formation of bromination in the double bond.

Bromination reaction starts with the homolytic cleavage of N-Br bond in N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) which creates bromine radical to initiate the radical bromination reaction.

NBS bromine radical removes the allylic hydrogen which forms hydrogen bromide and allylic radical in the first propagation step, the allylic radical is stabilized by the double bond in ring. This allylic radical reacts with bromine molecule and forms allylic bromide in the second propagation step which are shown above.

Answer 15

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product of the given reaction should be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Bond strength is depends on the formation of the radical, if the radical is involving in resonance which is weakest bond strength.

Bromination of Allylic Carbons:

N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) is used for the allylic bromination through radical reaction. Bromination of allylic carbon requires low concentration of bromine and low concentration of hydrobromic acid. If high concentration of bromine and high concentration of hydrobromic acid are used, it leads to the formation of bromination in the double bond.

Bromination reaction starts with the homolytic cleavage of N-Br bond in N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) which creates bromine radical to initiate the radical bromination reaction.

NBS bromine radical removes the allylic hydrogen which forms hydrogen bromide and allylic radical in the first propagation step, the allylic radical is stabilized by the double bond in ring. This allylic radical reacts with bromine molecule and forms allylic bromide in the second propagation step which are shown above.

Answer 16

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product of the given reaction should be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Bond strength is depends on the formation of the radical, if the radical is involving in resonance which is weakest bond strength.

Bromination of Allylic Carbons:

N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) is used for the allylic bromination through radical reaction. Bromination of allylic carbon requires low concentration of bromine and low concentration of hydrobromic acid. If high concentration of bromine and high concentration of hydrobromic acid are used, it leads to the formation of bromination in the double bond.

Bromination reaction starts with the homolytic cleavage of N-Br bond in N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) which creates bromine radical to initiate the radical bromination reaction.

NBS bromine radical removes the allylic hydrogen which forms hydrogen bromide and allylic radical in the first propagation step, the allylic radical is stabilized by the double bond in ring. This allylic radical reacts with bromine molecule and forms allylic bromide in the second propagation step which are shown above.

Answer 17

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product of the given reaction should be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Bond strength is depends on the formation of the radical, if the radical is involving in resonance which is weakest bond strength.

Bromination of Allylic Carbons:

N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) is used for the allylic bromination through radical reaction. Bromination of allylic carbon requires low concentration of bromine and low concentration of hydrobromic acid. If high concentration of bromine and high concentration of hydrobromic acid are used, it leads to the formation of bromination in the double bond.

Bromination reaction starts with the homolytic cleavage of N-Br bond in N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) which creates bromine radical to initiate the radical bromination reaction.

NBS bromine radical removes the allylic hydrogen which forms hydrogen bromide and allylic radical in the first propagation step, the allylic radical is stabilized by the double bond in ring. This allylic radical reacts with bromine molecule and forms allylic bromide in the second propagation step which are shown above.

Answer 18

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 19

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 20

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Answer 21

Ch. 12.2 - Prob. 1P Ch. 12.2 - Write the steps for formation of...Ch. 12.3 - Prob. 3P Ch. 12.4 - How many alkyl chlorides are obtained from...Ch. 12.4 - Prob. 6P Ch. 12.5 - Prob. 8P Ch. 12.5 - a. Would chlorination or bromination produce a...Ch. 12.5 - Show how the following compounds could be prepared...Ch. 12.6 - Prob. 12P Ch. 12.7 - Prob. 13P

Solution Summary: The author explains how N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) is used for the allylic bromination through radical reaction.

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Chapter 12 Solutions