1 Chemistry: The Study Of Change 2 Aroms, Molecules, And Ions 3 Mass Relationships In Chemical Reactions 4 Reactions In Aqueous Solutions 5 Gases 6 Thermochemistry 7 Quantum Theory And The Electronic Structure Of Atoms 8 Periodic Relationships Among The Elements 9 Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts 10 Chemical Bonding Ii: Molecular Geometry And Hybridization Of Atomic Orbitals 11 Intermolecular Forces And Liquids And Solids 12 Physical Properties Of Solutions 13 Chemical Kinetics 14 Chemical Equilibrium 15 Acids And Bases 16 Acid-base Equilibria And Solubility Equilibria 17 Entropy, Free Energy, And Equilibrium 18 Electrochemistry 19 Nuclear Chemistry 20 Chemistry In The Atmosphere 21 Metallurgy And The Chemistry Of Metals 22 Nonmetallic Elements And Their Compounds 23 Transition Metals Chemistry And Coordination Compounds 24 Organic Chemistry 25 Synthetic And Natural Organic Polymers expand_more
12.1 Types Of Solutions 12.2 A Molecular View Of The Solution Process 12.3 Concentration Units 12.4 The Effect Of Temperature On Solubility 12.5 The Effect Of Pressure On The Solubility Of Gases 12.6 Colligative Properties Of Nonelectrolyte Solutions 12.7 Colligative Properties Of Electrolyte Solutions 12.8 Colloids Chapter Questions expand_more
Problem 12.1QP Problem 12.2QP Problem 12.3QP: Briefly describe the solution process at the molecular level. Use the dissolution of a solid in a... Problem 12.4QP Problem 12.5QP Problem 12.6QP: As you know, some solution processes are endothermic and others are exothermic. Provide a molecular... Problem 12.7QP Problem 12.8QP: Describe the factors that affect the solubility of a solid in a liquid. What does it mean to say... Problem 12.9QP Problem 12.10QP Problem 12.11QP: Arrange the following compounds in order of increasing solubility in water: O2, LiCl, Br2, methanol... Problem 12.12QP: Explain the variations in solubility in water of the alcohols listed here: Compound Solubility in... Problem 12.13QP Problem 12.14QP Problem 12.15QP: Calculate the percent by mass of the solute in each of the following aqueous solutions: (a) 5.50 g... Problem 12.16QP: Calculate the amount of water (in grams) that must be added to (a) 5.00 g of urea (NH2)2CO in the... Problem 12.17QP Problem 12.18QP Problem 12.19QP: Calculate the molalities of the following aqueous solutions: (a) 1.22 M sugar (C12H22O11) solution... Problem 12.20QP: For dilute aqueous solutions in which the density of the solution is roughly equal to that of the... Problem 12.21QP Problem 12.22QP: The concentrated sulfuric acid we use in the laboratory is 98.0 percent H2SO4 by mass. Calculate the... Problem 12.23QP Problem 12.24QP: The density of an aqueous solution containing 10.0 percent of ethanol (C2H5OH) by mass is 0.984... Problem 12.25QP Problem 12.26QP: Describe the fractional crystallization process and its application. Problem 12.27QP: A 3.20-g sample of a salt dissolves in 9.10 g of water to give a saturated solution at 25C. What is... Problem 12.28QP: The solubility of KNO3 is 155 g per 100 g of water at 75C and 38.0 g at 25C. What mass (in grams) of... Problem 12.29QP Problem 12.30QP: Discuss the factors that influence the solubility of a gas in a liquid. Problem 12.31QP Problem 12.32QP Problem 12.33QP Problem 12.34QP: A man bought a goldfish in a pet shop. Upon returning home, he put the goldfish in a bowl of... Problem 12.35QP: A beaker of water is initially saturated with dissolved air. Explain what happens when He gas at 1... Problem 12.36QP: A miner working 260 m below sea level opened a carbonated soft drink during a lunch break. To his... Problem 12.37QP: The solubility of CO2 in water at 25C and 1 atm is 0.034 mol/L. What is its solubility under... Problem 12.38QP: The solubility of N2 in blood at 37C and at a partial pressure of 0.80 atm is 5.6 104 mol/L. A... Problem 12.39QP Problem 12.40QP: Write the equation representing Raoults law, and express it in words. Problem 12.41QP Problem 12.42QP Problem 12.43QP Problem 12.44QP Problem 12.45QP Problem 12.46QP Problem 12.47QP Problem 12.48QP: Describe how you would use freezing-point depression and osmotic pressure measurements to determine... Problem 12.49QP Problem 12.50QP Problem 12.51QP: The vapor pressure of benzene is 100.0 mmHg at 26.1C. Calculate the vapor pressure of a solution... Problem 12.52QP: The vapor pressures of ethanol (C2H5OH) and 1-propanol (C3H7OH) at 35C are 100 mmHg and 37.6 mmHg,... Problem 12.53QP: The vapor pressure of ethanol (C2H5OH) at 20C is 44 mmHg, and the vapor pressure of methanol (CH3OH)... Problem 12.54QP Problem 12.55QP: What are the boiling point and freezing point of a 2.47 m solution of naphthalene in benzene? (The... Problem 12.56QP Problem 12.57QP: Pheromones are compounds secreted by the females of many insect species to attract males. One of... Problem 12.58QP: The elemental analysis of an organic solid extracted from gum arabic (a gummy substance used in... Problem 12.59QP: How many liters of the antifreeze ethylene glycol [CH2(OH)CH2(OH)] would you add to a car radiator... Problem 12.60QP Problem 12.61QP Problem 12.62QP: A solution of 2.50 g of a compound having the empirical formula C6H5P in 25.0 g of benzene is... Problem 12.64QP: A solution containing 0.8330 g of a polymer of unknown structure in 170.0 mL of an organic solvent... Problem 12.65QP Problem 12.66QP: A solution of 6.85 g of a carbohydrate in 100.0 g of water has a density of 1.024 g/mL and an... Problem 12.67QP Problem 12.69QP Problem 12.70QP: Consider two aqueous solutions, one of sucrose (C12H22O11) and the other of nitric acid (HNO3). Both... Problem 12.71QP: Arrange the following solutions in order of decreasing freezing point: 0.10 m Na3PO4, 0.35 m NaCl,... Problem 12.72QP Problem 12.73QP: What are the normal freezing points and boiling points of the following solutions: (a) 21.2 g NaCl... Problem 12.74QP: At 25C the vapor pressure of pure water is 23.76 mmHg and that of seawater is 22.98 mmHg. Assuming... Problem 12.75QP: Both NaCl and CaCl2 are used to melt ice on roads and sidewalks in winter. What advantages do these... Problem 12.76QP: A 0.86 percent by mass solution of NaCl is called physiological saline because its osmotic pressure... Problem 12.77QP Problem 12.78QP: Calculate the osmotic pressure of a 0.0500 M MgSO4 solution at 25C. (Hint: See Table 12.3.) Problem 12.79QP Problem 12.80QP Problem 12.81QP Problem 12.82QP: Water and methanol are miscible with each other but they are immiscible with octane (C8H18). Which... Problem 12.83QP: Lysozyme is an enzyme that cleaves bacterial cell walls. A sample of lysozyme extracted from egg... Problem 12.84QP Problem 12.85QP Problem 12.86QP: Two liquids A and B have vapor pressures of 76 mmHg and 132 mmHg, respectively, at 25C. What is the... Problem 12.87QP Problem 12.88QP Problem 12.89QP Problem 12.90QP: Calculate the mass of naphthalene (C10H8) that must be added to 250 g of benzene (C6H6) to give a... Problem 12.91QP: Consider the three mercury manometers shown. One of them has 1 mL of water on top of the mercury,... Problem 12.92QP Problem 12.93QP Problem 12.94QP: A solution of 1.00 g of anhydrous aluminum chloride, AlCl3, in 50.0 g of water freezes at 1.11C.... Problem 12.95QP: Desalination is a process of removing dissolved salts from seawater. (a) Briefly describe how you... Problem 12.96QP Problem 12.97QP: A protein has been isolated as a salt with the formula Na20P (this notation means that there are 20... Problem 12.98QP Problem 12.99QP: Hydrogen peroxide with a concentration of 3.0 percent (3.0 g of H2O2 in 100 mL of solution) is sold... Problem 12.100QP: State which of the alcohols listed in Problem 12.12 you would expect to be the best solvent for each... Problem 12.101QP Problem 12.102QP: Iodine (I2) is only sparingly soluble in water (left photo). Yet upon the addition of iodide ions... Problem 12.103QP Problem 12.104QP: In the apparatus shown, what will happen if the membrane is (a) permeable to both water and the Na+... Problem 12.105QP Problem 12.106QP: Concentrated hydrochloric acid is usually available at a concentration of 37.7 percent by mass. What... Problem 12.107QP: Explain each of the following statements: (a) The boiling point of seawater is higher than that of... Problem 12.108QP Problem 12.109QP: A 0.050 M hydrofluoric acid (HF) solution is 11 percent ionized at 25C. Calculate the osmotic... Problem 12.110QP: Shown here is a plot of vapor pressures of two liquids A and B at different concentrations at a... Problem 12.111QP Problem 12.112QP Problem 12.113QP Problem 12.114QP Problem 12.115QP Problem 12.116QP: A mixture of ethanol and 1-propanol behaves ideally at 36C and is in equilibrium with its vapor. If... Problem 12.117QP Problem 12.118QP Problem 12.119QP Problem 12.120QP: Acetic acid is a weak acid that ionizes in solution as follows: CH3COOH(aq)CH3COO(aq)+H+(aq) If the... Problem 12.121QP: Making mayonnaise involves beating oil into small droplets in water, in the presence of egg yolk.... Problem 12.122QP: Acetic acid is a polar molecule and can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. Therefore, it has... Problem 12.123QP: A 2.6-L sample of water contains 192 g of lead. Does this concentration of lead exceed the safety... Problem 12.124QP: Certain fishes in the Antarctic Ocean swim in water at about 2C. (a) To prevent their blood from... Problem 12.125QP Problem 12.126QP Problem 12.127QP Problem 12.128QP: At 27C, the vapor pressure of pure water is 23.76 mmHg and that of an urea solution is 22.98 mmHg.... Problem 12.129QP Problem 12.130QP: Liquids A (molar mass 100 g/mol) and B (molar mass 110 g/mol) form an ideal solution. At 55C, A has... Problem 12.131QP: A very long pipe is capped at one end with a semipermeable membrane. How deep (in meters) must the... Problem 12.132QP Problem 12.133QP: A mixture of liquids A and B exhibits ideal behavior. At 84C, the total vapor pressure of a solution... Problem 12.134QP Problem 12.135QP: (a) Derive the equation relating the molality (m) of a solution to its molarity (M), m=MdMM1000... Problem 12.136QP Problem 12.137QP: A student carried out the following procedure to measure the pressure of carbon dioxide in a soft... Problem 12.138QP: Valinomycin is an antibiotic. It functions by binding K+ ions and transporting them across the... Problem 12.139QP Problem 12.140QP: Here is an after-dinner trick. With guests still sitting at the table, the host provided each of... Problem 12.141QP: The molecule drawn here has shown promise as an agent for cleaning up oil spills in water. Instead... Problem 12.142QP: The Henrys law constant of oxygen in water at 25C is 1.3 103 mol/L atm. Calculate the molarity of... Problem 12.143QP: The diagram shows the vapor pressure curves for pure benzene and a solution of a nonvolatile solute... Problem 12.144QP Problem 12.146QP format_list_bulleted