Campbell Biology, Books a la Carte Plus Mastering Biology with eText -- Access Card Package (10th Edition)
10th Edition
ISBN: 9780133922851
Author: Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 11.3, Problem 3CC
What is the actual “signal” that is being transduced in any Signal transduction pathway, such as those shown in Figures 11.6 and 11.10? In what way is this Information being passed from the exterior to the interior of the cell?
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Chapter 11 Solutions
Campbell Biology, Books a la Carte Plus Mastering Biology with eText -- Access Card Package (10th Edition)
Ch. 11.1 - Explain how signaling is involved in ensuring that...Ch. 11.1 - In liver cells, glycogen Phosphorylase acts in...Ch. 11.1 - Prob. 3CCCh. 11.2 - Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a water-soluble...Ch. 11.2 - WHAT IF? What would the effect be if a cell made...Ch. 11.2 - MAKE CONNECTIONS How is ligand binding similar to...Ch. 11.2 - Prob. 4CCCh. 11.3 - What is a protein kinase, and what is its role in...Ch. 11.3 - When a signal transduction pathway involves a...Ch. 11.3 - What is the actual signal that is being transduced...
Ch. 11.3 - WHAT IF? If you exposed a cell to a ligand that...Ch. 11.4 - How can a targct cell's response to a single...Ch. 11.4 - WHAT IF? If two cells have different scaffolding...Ch. 11.4 - Prob. 3CCCh. 11.5 - Give an example of apoptosis during embryonic...Ch. 11.5 - WH AT IF? If apoptosis occurred when it should...Ch. 11 - What determines whether a cell responds to a...Ch. 11 - How are the structures of a GPCR and an RTK...Ch. 11 - What is the difference between a protein kinase...Ch. 11 - What mechanisms in the cell terminale its response...Ch. 11 - What is an explanation for the similarities...Ch. 11 - Binding of a signaling molecule to which type of...Ch. 11 - The activation of receptor tyrosinc kinases is...Ch. 11 - Lipid-soluble signaling molecules, such as...Ch. 11 - Consider this pathway: epinephrine G...Ch. 11 - Apoptosis involves all but which of the following?...Ch. 11 - Which Observation suggestcd to Sutherland the...Ch. 11 - Protein phosphorylation is commonly involved with...Ch. 11 - DRAW IT Draw the following apoptotic pathway,...Ch. 11 - EVOLUTION CONNECTION Identify the evolutlonary...Ch. 11 - Prob. 10TYUCh. 11 - SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY The aging process...Ch. 11 - WRITE ABOUT A THEME: ORGANIZATION The properties...Ch. 11 - SYNTHESIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE There are five basic...
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- Explain, in detail, how tyrosine kinase proteins are involved in one signal transduction pathway of your choice. Make sure you describe the complete pathway in which it is involved. Then, describe how you would experimentally demonstrate the requirement of a tyrosine kinase protein in your chosen pathway.arrow_forward3) Acetylcholine binds to a GPCR on heart muscle, making the heart beat more slowly. The activated receptor stimulates a G protein, which opens a K+ channel in the plasma membrane, as shown in Figure 1. Which of the following would enhance this effect of the acetylcholine? (a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 1 addition of a high concentration of a non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP addition of a drug that prevents the a subunit from exchanging GDP for GTP mutations in the acetylcholine receptor that weaken the interaction between the receptor and acetylcholine mutations in the acetylcholine receptor that weaken the interaction between the receptor and the G proteinarrow_forwarddescribe how signal amplification is accomplished in target cellarrow_forward
- What is a signal-transduction pathway? Why are mutations in components of signal-transduction pathways often associated with cancer?arrow_forwardA quanta holds about 10,000 molecules of ACh. How many quanta are exocytosed during a single presynaptic AP? What controls or determines the total number of quanta released? Is this under physiological control?arrow_forwardThe resting membrane potential in neurons is described as an electrochemical gradient. You have described how the chemical gradient is created. Now, describe how the electrical gradient is established. The inside of the cell has a net [Select] charge due to the presence of [Select] Due to the charge inside the cell, the exit of [Select] 3 4 [Select] 5 [Select] 1 2 ✓down its chemical gradient is because it is by the charge in the cell. Options for each number: 1 - positive or negative 2 - Na+, K+, negatively-charged proteins and ions like Cl-, the greater concentration of Na+ outside the cell than K+ inside the cell, or the hydrophobic phospholipid bilayer 3 - Na + or K+ 4 - slow, sped up, or not changed 5 - attracted, repelled, or not affectedarrow_forward
- One of the characteristics of botulinum toxin (the cause of 'botulism') is a very specific protease activity, i.e., the toxin can cleave (cut), and thereby render nonfunctional, a SNARE protein associated with neurotransmitter-containing synaptic vesicles found in certain nerve terminals. Which of the following is the likely effect of this toxin on fusion of synaptic vesicles with the plasma membrane (and subsequent neurotransmitter release)? a.) An increase in fusion events b.) a decrease in fusion events c.) no effect on fusion eventsarrow_forwardSensory neurons in the homeostatic pathway demonstrate spontaneous activity. For a neuron, what does spontaneous activity mean? Describe a mechanism by which a neuron would demonstrate spontaneous activity. (Good inspiration would be to look at the mechanism of behavior and effect on membrane potentials of HCN channels in the heart.) Assuming these sensory neurons used FM communication, how do they encode increases in stimulation and also to encode decreases in stimulation of receptors?arrow_forwardHow does the presence of basic amino acids within the S4 helix allow for voltage gating in thesechannels? Explain how cation movement across the membrane triggers these channels to open.arrow_forward
- In most neurons, membrane depolarization leads to the opening of voltage-dependent ion channels, generation of an action potential, and, ultimately, an influx of Ca2+, which causes release of neurotransmitter at the axon terminus. Devise a cellular strategy by which hyperpolarization in rod cells could produce excitation of the visual pathway and passage of visual signals to the brain. (Hint: The neuronal signaling pathway in higher organisms consists of a series of neurons that relay information to the brain. The signal released by one neuron can be either excitatory or inhibitory to the following, postsynaptic neuron.)arrow_forwardYou are studying a Drosophila protein called FROZN that you think is a vesicle snare that plays a role in exocytosis of synaptic vesicles containing acetylcholine at the neuro-muscular junction. Because this protein has been isolated from neuromuscular junctions, you hypothesize that this snare is a Ca+2 sensor that mediates the final merging of vesicles with the membrane. To test this hypothesis you perform 2 experiments: 1. You make a mutant Drosophila that lacks FROZN and find that synaptic vesicle release at the neuromuscular junction is blocked. 2. You block Ca+2 entry into the presynaptic neuron terminal in a normal (wild type) fly and find that synaptic vesicle release is blocked. Do these experiments support your hypothesis that FROZN is a vesicle snare and is the Ca+2 sensor? Is there another possible explanation for the function of FROZN? Explain your answer.arrow_forwardFluorescent FM dyes partition reversibly into biological membranes without penetrating through them. Suppose that you have neurons cultured in a dish, and you incubate them with an FM dye for a period of time before washing the cells with excess medium to remove the dye. a) You find that if you stimulate the neurons to trigger action potentials during incubation with the dye, the synaptic regions of the neurons remain fluorescent after the wash. Propose an explanation for this effect. b) After you have generated fluorescent synaptic regions by this procedure, suppose that you trigger further action potentials while continuing to wash with excess medium. Would you expect the synaptic regions to lose fluorescence? Explain.arrow_forward
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