CAMPBELL BIOLOGY MOD MASTERING (18 WEEK)
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780136920335
Author: Urry
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 11.1, Problem 2CC
In liver cells, glycogen Phosphorylase acts in which of the three stages of the signaling pathway associated with an epinephrine-initiated Signal?
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What are the three main parts of a signaling pathway? Give a detailed specific example, such as how epinephrine signals for rapid digestion of glycogen in liver cells.
Epinephrine stimulates glycogen breakdown by activating glycogen phosphorylase. However, in the research lab, no glycogen breakdown occurred when epinephrine was added to a test tube containing the enzyme and its substrate, glycogen.
Explain why glycogen phosphorylase could be activated by epinephrine only when the hormone was added to intact cells in a solution.
(a) Predict the effect of a mutation that enhances the activity of the kinase associated with the PDH complex. (b) Predict the effect of a mutation that reduces the activity of the phosphatase associated with the PDH complex.
Chapter 11 Solutions
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY MOD MASTERING (18 WEEK)
Ch. 11.1 - Explain how signaling is involved in ensuring that...Ch. 11.1 - In liver cells, glycogen Phosphorylase acts in...Ch. 11.1 - Prob. 3CCCh. 11.2 - Prob. 1CCCh. 11.2 - WHAT IF? What would the effect be if a cell made...Ch. 11.2 - MAKE CONNECTIONS How is ligand binding similar to...Ch. 11.3 - What is a protein kinase, and what is its role in...Ch. 11.3 - When a signal transduction pathway involves a...Ch. 11.3 - What is the actual signal that is being transduced...Ch. 11.3 - WHAT IF? If you exposed a cell to a ligand that...
Ch. 11.4 - How can a targct cell's response to a single...Ch. 11.4 - WHAT IF? If two cells have different scaffolding...Ch. 11.4 - Prob. 3CCCh. 11.4 - Prob. 4CCCh. 11.5 - Give an example of apoptosis during embryonic...Ch. 11.5 - WH AT IF? If apoptosis occurred when it should...Ch. 11 - What determines whether a cell responds to a...Ch. 11 - How are the structures of a GPCR and an RTK...Ch. 11 - What is the difference between a protein kinase...Ch. 11 - What mechanisms in the cell terminale its response...Ch. 11 - What is an explanation for the similarities...Ch. 11 - Binding of a signaling molecule to which type of...Ch. 11 - The activation of receptor tyrosinc kinases is...Ch. 11 - Lipid-soluble signaling molecules, such as...Ch. 11 - Consider this pathway: epinephrine G...Ch. 11 - Apoptosis involves all but which of the following?...Ch. 11 - Which Observation suggestcd to Sutherland the...Ch. 11 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 11 - DRAW IT Draw the following apoptotic pathway,...Ch. 11 - EVOLUTION CONNECTION Identify the evolutlonary...Ch. 11 - Prob. 10TYUCh. 11 - SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY The aging process...Ch. 11 - WRITE ABOUT A THEME: ORGANIZATION The properties...Ch. 11 - SYNTHESIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE There are five basic...
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- A mutated form of the α subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein has been identified; this form readily exchanges nucleotides even in the absence of an activated receptor. What would be the effect on a signaling pathway containing the mutated α subunit?arrow_forwardIn muscle cells, when adrenaline binds to beta-adrenergic receptor, it trigger signaling cascade leading to active glycogen phosphorylate breaks up glycogen into glucose subunits (Glycogen -> G1P). Base on following figure, describe this signaling cascade:arrow_forwardNerve-growth factor (NGF) binds to a protein tyrosine kinase receptor. The amount of diacylglycerol in the plasma membrane increases in cells expressing this receptor when treated with NGF. Propose a simple signaling pathway and identify the isoform of any participating enzymes. Would you expect the concentrations of any other common second messengers to increase on NGF treatment?arrow_forward
- Describe the mechanisms that limit signaling by the phosphoinositide pathway.arrow_forwardDescribe two features of insulin signaling that affect glucose utilization. Aβ-adrenergic response can be modulated through the actions of a receptorkinase and arrestin because phosphorylation by the kinase desensitizes thereceptor. How might signaling by a tyrosine receptor kinase, such as theinsulin receptor, be modulated?arrow_forwardIn liver and muscle, epinephrine stimulation of the cAMP pathway activates glycogen breakdown and inhibits glycogen synthesis, whereas in adipose tissue, epinephrine activates hydrolysis of triglycerides, and in other cells, it causes a diversity of other responses. What step in the cAMP signaling pathways in these cells specifies the cell response?arrow_forward
- When adrenaline (epinephrine) binds to adrenergic receptors on the surface of a muscle cell, it activates a G protein, initiating a signaling pathway that results in the breakdown of muscle glycogen. How would you expect glycogen breakdown to be affected if muscle cells were injected with a nonhydrolyzable analog of GTP, that can’t be converted to GDP? Consider what would happen in the absence of adrenaline and after a brief exposure to it.arrow_forwardThe epinephrine-mediated “amplificationcascade” of Figure 24.14 has six steps, all of which are catalyticwith one exception. This cascade leads to the activation of glycogenphosphorylase. This enzyme acts in turn on glycogen to yieldglucose-1-phosphate (G-1-P).(a) Which step is not catalytic?(b) If each catalytic step had a turnover (molecules of substrateacted on per molecule of enzyme) of 10, how many moleculesof G-1-P would result from one molecule of epinephrine?(c) What is the biochemical advantage of such a cascade?(d) How is the amplification cascade of this questionreversed?arrow_forwardWhat class of enzyme catalyzes each of the two steps that convert tryptophan to serotonin?arrow_forward
- Diabetes often results in the production of reduced levels of insulin. Researchers claim that a drug that binds to and blocks the active site of GSK3 might mimic the role of insulin in the pathway shown in Figure 2. Provide reasoning to justify the researchers' claim.arrow_forwardIn early studies of adrenergic signaling, it was thought that the epinephrine receptor and adenylate cyclase were one and the same protein. What kind of evidence would prove otherwise?arrow_forwardIn the case of GPCR (G protein coupled receptor) signaling pathways, which of the following statements is INCORRECT? The gamma subunit of the trimeric G protein has a transmembrane domain whereas the alpha and beta subunits are peripheral proteins If G alpha was locked in a GTP bound state, it would be bound to the effector enzyme rather than to the beta and gamma subunits. In some but not all signaling pathways, when the beta and gamma subunits are separated from alpha - the beta/gamma pair can also stimulate the activation of effectorsarrow_forward
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