Microbiology Fundamentals: A Clinical Approach
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9781260163698
Author: Cowan
Publisher: MCG
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Question
Chapter 11, Problem 2Q
Summary Introduction
To describe:
The reason behind this evolutionary advantageous to the pathogen.
Concept introduction:
There are certain circumstances when the first exposure of microbes is quite virulent, however, with the passage of time with the new host, it causes a milder form of the disease. There are various pathogens which spread their infections to humans. Zoonosis is a type of infection which is indigenous to animals but it is naturally transmissible to humans also.
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Students have asked these similar questions
Some pathogens, such as HIV, can be transmitted both vertically and horizontally. How do you expect virulence of such pathogens to compare with that of pathogens that are transmitted 1) only horizontally or 2) only vertically? Explain.
What is the “iceberg concept of infection.” How does this affect our understanding of the mortality rates of a particular microbe?
Penicillin was first used in the 1940s to treat gonorrhea infections produced by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In 1984, according to the CDC, fewer than 1% of gonorrhea infections were caused by penicillin-resistant N. gonorrhoeae. By 1990, more than 10% of cases were penicillin resistant and a few years later the level of resistance was 95%.
Explain the various ways this resistance could be spread among the cells. Could this resistance pass to other infectious bacteria from N. gonorrhoeae?
Chapter 11 Solutions
Microbiology Fundamentals: A Clinical Approach
Ch. 11.1 - Prob. 1AYPCh. 11.1 - Enumerate the sites where normal biota is found in...Ch. 11.1 - Discuss how the Human Microbiome Project is...Ch. 11.1 - Prob. 2NPCh. 11.2 - Differentiate between a microbes pathogenicity and...Ch. 11.2 - Prob. 5AYPCh. 11.2 - Explain the significance of polymicrobial...Ch. 11.2 - Prob. 7AYPCh. 11.2 - Prob. 8AYPCh. 11.2 - Prob. 9AYP
Ch. 11.2 - Prob. 10AYPCh. 11.2 - Prob. 11AYPCh. 11.2 - Draw a diagram of the stages of disease in a humanCh. 11.2 - Prob. 13AYPCh. 11.2 - Prob. 14AYPCh. 11.2 - Define healthcare-associated infection, and list...Ch. 11.2 - Prob. 16AYPCh. 11.2 - Prob. 1MMCh. 11.2 - Prob. 3NPCh. 11.2 - Prob. 2MMCh. 11.2 - Prob. 4NPCh. 11.2 - Prob. 5NPCh. 11.2 - Q. Can you think of what type of incident might...Ch. 11.2 - Prob. 6NPCh. 11.3 - Summarize the goals of epidemiology, and...Ch. 11.3 - Prob. 18AYPCh. 11.3 - Prob. 19AYPCh. 11.3 - Discuss the three major types of epidemics, and...Ch. 11 - Prob. 1NPCh. 11 - Prob. 1QCh. 11 - Prob. 2QCh. 11 - Prob. 3QCh. 11 - Prob. 4QCh. 11 - Prob. 5QCh. 11 - Discuss the role of endospores in ensuring the...Ch. 11 - Prob. 7QCh. 11 - Correlate the stages in the course of an...Ch. 11 - Prob. 9QCh. 11 - Prob. 10QCh. 11 - Prob. 11QCh. 11 - Prob. 12QCh. 11 - Prob. 13QCh. 11 - Prob. 14QCh. 11 - Prob. 15QCh. 11 - Prob. 16QCh. 11 - Prob. 17QCh. 11 - Prob. 18QCh. 11 - The number of cases, including new cases as well...Ch. 11 - Prob. 20QCh. 11 - One important way to critically analyze a study...Ch. 11 - Prob. 1VC
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- In 2013, there was an outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcusaureus (MRSA) at an NFL training facility. One player suffereda career-ending infection to his foot and sued the team owners for $20 million for unsanitary conditions that contributed to the bacterialinfection. A settlement with undisclosed terms was reached in2017. MRSA is highly contagious and is spread by direct skin contactor by airborne transmission and can result in amputation or death.In addition, MRSA is very difficult to treat because it is resistant tomany antibiotics. For example, b -lactam antibiotics, such as penicillin,function by binding to and inactivating bacterial penicillin-bindingproteins (PBPs), which synthesize the bacterial cell wall. However,MRSA expresses an alternative type of PBP, called PBP2a encodedby the mecA gene. b -lactam antibiotics only weakly bind PBP2a,and thus cell wall synthesis can continue in their presence. Moreover,in a system somewhat analogous to the regulation of the…arrow_forwardIn 2013, there was an outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcusaureus (MRSA) at an NFL training facility. One player suffereda career-ending infection to his foot and sued the team owners for $20 million for unsanitary conditions that contributed to the bacterialinfection. A settlement with undisclosed terms was reached in2017. MRSA is highly contagious and is spread by direct skin contactor by airborne transmission and can result in amputation or death.In addition, MRSA is very difficult to treat because it is resistant tomany antibiotics. For example, b -lactam antibiotics, such as penicillin,function by binding to and inactivating bacterial penicillin-bindingproteins (PBPs), which synthesize the bacterial cell wall. However,MRSA expresses an alternative type of PBP, called PBP2a encodedby the mecA gene. b -lactam antibiotics only weakly bind PBP2a,and thus cell wall synthesis can continue in their presence. Moreover,in a system somewhat analogous to the regulation of the…arrow_forwardIn 2013, there was an outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcusaureus (MRSA) at an NFL training facility. One player suffereda career-ending infection to his foot and sued the team owners for $20 million for unsanitary conditions that contributed to the bacterialinfection. A settlement with undisclosed terms was reached in2017. MRSA is highly contagious and is spread by direct skin contactor by airborne transmission and can result in amputation or death.In addition, MRSA is very difficult to treat because it is resistant tomany antibiotics. For example, b -lactam antibiotics, such as penicillin,function by binding to and inactivating bacterial penicillin-bindingproteins (PBPs), which synthesize the bacterial cell wall. However,MRSA expresses an alternative type of PBP, called PBP2a encodedby the mecA gene. b -lactam antibiotics only weakly bind PBP2a,and thus cell wall synthesis can continue in their presence. Moreover,in a system somewhat analogous to the regulation of the…arrow_forward
- Any break in the chain of infection prevents the spread of disease. Question 4 options: a) True b) Falsearrow_forwardHumans are accidental hosts in many vector-borne diseases. Whatdoes this indicate about the relationship between the vector and themicrobial agent?arrow_forwardIn 1928, British bacteriologist Alexander Fleming made an accidental discovery. He noticed that a fungus had contaminated one of the agar plates he had streaked with a bacterial species to be studied. The fungus prevented the bacteria from growing in the immediate area surrounding the fungus. Upon further investigation, Fleming found that the fungus produced a substance that was the agent responsible for killing the bacteria. He called this substance penicillin. Given this information, which statement best explains why Fleming's discovery is relevant to the general public today? O Fleming's attention to detail diverted his efforts to investigate bacteria and likely robbed humanity of important discoveries that he would have otherwise made. Fleming's sloppiness in the lab serves as a reminder to all researchers that sterile technique is critical to preventing unwanted fungal growth on bacterial plates. Fleming's discovery enabled the development of chemical substances as antibiotics to…arrow_forward
- The epidemiological or disease triangle is a model of disease causation that proposes three factors contribute to an outbreak – an agent that causes the disease, a susceptible host, and an environment that brings the host and agent together. Some general changes within these three factors that may cause an infectious disease to emerge include: A. changes in populations or behavior of reservoir hosts or intermediate hosts B. microbial genetic mutation and viral genetic recombination or assortment C. environmental factors such as an increase in precipitation D. all of the above E. none of the abovearrow_forwardThe epidemiological or disease triangle is a model of disease causation that proposes three factors contribute to an outbreak - an agent that causes the disease, a susceptible host, and an environment that brings the host and agent together. Some general changes within these three factors that may cause an infectious disease to emerge include: A. changes in populations or behavior of reservoir hosts or intermediate hosts B. microbial genetic mutation and viral genetic recombination or assortment C. environmental factors such as an increase in precipitation D. all of the above E. none of the abovearrow_forwardIf a person contracted MRSA and no antibiotics are working on them, how would you go about finding a way to treat their infection? Describe, in detail, how you would devise a plan to save their life utilizing your knowledge of bacteria and viruses.arrow_forward
- Which one of the following is not correct? * a) Biocompatibility is the ability of a material to perform within an appropriate host response. b) Bioactivity is the characteristic that not allows the material to form a bond with living tissue c) Biodegradability is the breakdown of O the implant due to chemical or cellular interaction. O d) all of abovearrow_forwardNormal microbiota provide protection from infection in each of the following ways EXCEPT: Question 3 options: A) they produce antibacterial chemicals. B) they compete with pathogens for nutrients. C) they make the chemical environment unsuitable for nonresident bacteria. D) they produce lysozyme.arrow_forwardIn a case study, scientists frequently infer that Malignant transformation of hymenolepis nana in human host occurred because of the patient’s HIV/AIDS status and resultant immunocompromised state. When N=1, is such an inference statistically justified? In addition to Yes or No, jot down your thoughts on the possible association between AIDS and this case.arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
