University Physics Volume 3
17th Edition
ISBN: 9781938168185
Author: William Moebs, Jeff Sanny
Publisher: OpenStax
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Textbook Question
Chapter 11, Problem 2CQ
Distinguish fermions and bosons using the concepts of indistiguishability and exchange symmetry.
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How can quarks, which are fermions, combine to form bosons? Why must an even number combine to form a boson? Give one example by stating the quark substructure of a boson.
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Chapter 11 Solutions
University Physics Volume 3
Ch. 11 - Check Your Understanding What is the baryon number...Ch. 11 - Check Your Understanding What is the lepton number...Ch. 11 - Check Your Understanding What is the strangeness...Ch. 11 - Check Your Understanding What is the baryon number...Ch. 11 - Check Your Understanding How much energy does an...Ch. 11 - Check Your Understanding A charged particle of a...Ch. 11 - Check Your Understanding Why is a symmetric...Ch. 11 - Check Your Understanding The light of a galaxy...Ch. 11 - Check Your Understanding Compare the abundance of...Ch. 11 - What are the four fundamental forces? Briefly...
Ch. 11 - Distinguish fermions and bosons using the concepts...Ch. 11 - List the quark and lepton families.Ch. 11 - Distinguish between elementary particles...Ch. 11 - What are six particle conservation laws? Briefly...Ch. 11 - In general, how do we determine if a particle...Ch. 11 - Why might the detection of panicle interaction...Ch. 11 - What are the six known quarks? Summarize their...Ch. 11 - What is the general quark composition of a baryon?...Ch. 11 - What evidence exists for the existence of quarks?Ch. 11 - Why do baryons with the same quark composition...Ch. 11 - Briefly compare the Van de Graaff accelerator,...Ch. 11 - Describe the basic components and function of...Ch. 11 - What are the subdetectors of the Compact Muon...Ch. 11 - What is the advantage of a colliding-beam...Ch. 11 - An electron appeals in the muon detectors of the...Ch. 11 - What is the Standard Model? Express your answer in...Ch. 11 - Draw a Feynman diagram to represents annihilation...Ch. 11 - What is the motivation behind grand unification...Ch. 11 - If a theory is developed that unifies all four...Ch. 11 - If the Higgs boson is discovered and found to have...Ch. 11 - One of the common decay modes of the is 0 is 0+p ....Ch. 11 - What is meant by cosmological expansion? Express...Ch. 11 - Describe the balloon analogy for cosmological...Ch. 11 - Distances to local galaxies are determined by...Ch. 11 - What is meant by a “cosmological model of the...Ch. 11 - Describe two pieces of evidence that support the...Ch. 11 - In what sense are we, as Newton once said, "a boy...Ch. 11 - If some unknown cause of redshift—such as light...Ch. 11 - In the past, many scientists believed the universe...Ch. 11 - How much energy is released when ail electron and...Ch. 11 - If 1.01030MeV of energy is released in the...Ch. 11 - When both an electron and a positron are at rest,...Ch. 11 - What is the total kinetic energy carried away by...Ch. 11 - Which of the following decays cannot occur because...Ch. 11 - Which of the following reactions cannot because...Ch. 11 - Identify one possible decay for each of the...Ch. 11 - Each of die following strong nuclear reactions is...Ch. 11 - Based on quark composition of a proton, show that...Ch. 11 - Based on the quark composition of a neutron, show...Ch. 11 - Argue that the quark composition given in Table...Ch. 11 - Mesons are fanned from the following combinations...Ch. 11 - Why can’t either set of quarks shown below form...Ch. 11 - Experimental results indicate an isolate particle...Ch. 11 - Express the decays np+e+vand pn+e++vin terms of...Ch. 11 - A charged particle in a 2.0-T magnetic field is...Ch. 11 - A proton track passes through a magnetic field...Ch. 11 - Derive the equation p = 0.3Br using the concepts...Ch. 11 - Assume that beam energy of an electron-positron...Ch. 11 - At full energy, protons in the 2.00-km-diameter...Ch. 11 - Suppose a Wcreated in a particle detector lives...Ch. 11 - What length track does a +traveling at 0.100c...Ch. 11 - The 3.20-km-lfmg SLAC produces a beam of 50.0-GcV...Ch. 11 - Using the Heisenberg uncertainly principle,...Ch. 11 - Use the Heisenberg uncertainly principle to...Ch. 11 - (a) The following decay is mediated by the...Ch. 11 - Assuming conservation of momentum, what is the...Ch. 11 - What is the wavelength of a 50-GeV electron, which...Ch. 11 - The primary decay mode for the negative pion is +v...Ch. 11 - Suppose you are designing a proton decay...Ch. 11 - If the speed of a distant galaxy is 0.99c, what is...Ch. 11 - The distance of a galaxy from our solar system is...Ch. 11 - If a galaxy is 153 Mpc away flora us, how fast do...Ch. 11 - On average, how far away are galaxies that are...Ch. 11 - Our solar system orbits the center of the Milky...Ch. 11 - (a) Wliat is the approximate velocity relative to...Ch. 11 - (a) Calculate the approximate age of the universe...Ch. 11 - The Andromeda Galaxy is the closest large galaxy...Ch. 11 - Show that the velocity of a star orbiting its...Ch. 11 - Experimental results suggest that a muon decays to...Ch. 11 - Each of the following reactions is missing a...Ch. 11 - Because of energy loss due to synchrotron...Ch. 11 - A proton and an antiproton collide head-on, with...Ch. 11 - When an electron and positron collide at the SLAC...Ch. 11 - The core of a star collapses during a supernova,...Ch. 11 - Using the solution from the previous problem, find...Ch. 11 - (a) What Hubble constant corresponds to an...Ch. 11 - Electrons and positions are collided in a circular...Ch. 11 - The intensity of cosmic ray radiation decreases...Ch. 11 - (a) Calculate the relativistic quantity...Ch. 11 - Plans for ail accelerator that produces a...Ch. 11 - In supei novae, neutrinos are produced in huge...Ch. 11 - Assuming a circular orbit for the Sun about the...Ch. 11 - (a) What is the approximate force of gravity on a...Ch. 11 - (a) A panicle and its antiparticle are at rest...Ch. 11 - The peak intensity of the CMBR occurs at a...Ch. 11 - (a) Use the Heisenberg uncertainty principle to...
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- 11. (a) Calculate minimal energy of a proton beam in a fixed target pp experiment needed to produce a Z boson (Assume mz = 91 GeV)? (b) What would be the corresponding energies of initial protons in a (symmetric) pp collider? %3Darrow_forward3. (a) Verify that the minimum energy a photon must have to create an electron-positron pair in the presence of a stationary nucleus of mass M is 2mc2(1 + m/M), where m is the electron rest mass. (b) Find the minimum energy needed for pair production in the presence of a proton.arrow_forwardAssume the average density of the Universe is equal to the critical density. (a) Prove that the age of the Universe is given by 2/(3H). (b) Calculate 2/(3H) and express it in years.arrow_forward
- More than 60 years ago, future Nobel laureate Sheldon Glashow predicted that if an antineutrino — the antimatter answer to the nearly massless neutrino — collided with an electron, it could produce a cascade of other particles. The Glashow resonance phenomenon is hard to detect, in large part because the antineutrino needs about 1,000 times more energy than what's produced in the most powerful colliders on Earth. Let's compare this event to an ordinary baseball with a mass of 146 g. Please use three significant figures in your calculations. 1.What is the threshold antineutrino energy for the Glashow resonance in peta electronvolts (PeV)? 2.What is this threshold energy in units of joules? 3.Now consider a baseball with the same kinetic energy as that of the Glashow resonance. What speed in m/s would correspond to this energy? 4.What is this rate in units of inches/second? please help!!arrow_forward5. When a muon decays, the angular distribution of the daughter electron is 1 P(cos 0) = (1 + a cos 0), where e is the angle measured relative to the muon spin, and a is a well-defined number. Imagine that you are writing a Monte Carlo model that includes such a decay. Find the quadratic equation that has to be solved to generate appropri- ate values for cos 0, in terms of computer-generated random numbers x that are uniform over the range 0arrow_forwardMore than 60 years ago, future Nobel laureate Sheldon Glashow predicted that if an antineutrino — the antimatter answer to the nearly massless neutrino — collided with an electron, it could produce a cascade of other particles. The "Glashow resonanceLinks to an external site." phenomenon is hard to detect, in large part because the antineutrino needs about 1,000 times more energy than what's produced in the most powerful colliders on Earth. What is the threshold antineutrino energy for the Glashow resonance in peta electronvolts (PeV)?arrow_forward(a) Estimate the mass of the luminous matter in the known universe, given there are 1011 galaxies, each containing 1011 stars of average mass 1.5 times that of our Sun. (b) How many protons (the most abundant nuclide) are there in this mates? (c) Estimate the total number of particles in the observable universe by multiplying the answer to (b) by two, since there is an electron for each proton, and then by 109, since there are far more particles (such as photons and neutrinos) in space than in luminous matter.arrow_forwardHow can quarks, which are fermions, combine to form bosons? Why must an even number combine to form a boson? Give one example by stating the quark substructure of a boson.arrow_forwardBased on quark composition of a proton, show that its charge is +1.arrow_forward(a) Do all particles having strangeness also have at least one strange quark in them? (b) Do all hadrons with a strange quark also have nonzero strangeness?arrow_forwardAssume that the protons in a hot ball of protons each have a kinetic energy equal to kT, where k is the Boltzmann constant and T is the absolute temperature. If T = 1 * 10^7 K, what (approximately) is the least separation any two protons can have?arrow_forward1arrow_forwardarrow_back_iosSEE MORE QUESTIONSarrow_forward_ios
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