UNDERSTANDING THE UNIVERSE(LL)-W/CODE
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9780393869903
Author: PALEN
Publisher: NORTON
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Chapter 11, Problem 20QAP
To determine
The major obstacle on Earth to produce helium.
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Solar scientists want to measure the temperature inside the sun by sending in probes. Imagine that temperature increases by 1 million◦C for every 10,000 km below the surface. A probe that can handle a temperature of x million degrees costs x³ million dollars. a. How much would it cost to measure the temperature 10,000 km down? b. How much would it cost to measure the temperature 100,000 km down? c. How much would it cost to measure the temperature 200,000 km down?
1. The mass of the Sun is about 2x10³0 kg. The Sun was about 72% hydrogen when it first formed.
About 11% of the total amount of the Sun's hydrogen is available for fusion within the Sun's core.
[3 points]
(a) What is the total mass of hydrogen available for fusion, in kg?
(b) The Sun fuses about 600 billion kg of hydrogen each second. Calculate how long the Sun's
initial supply of hydrogen can last. Give your answer in both seconds and years. Hint: use the
result you calculated in part (a).
(c) We know that our Solar System is about 4.5 billion years old. Using your calculation above,
how much longer do we have until the Sun runs out of hydrogen?
Why are measurements of the Sun's 10.7 cm radio emission used to monitor the state of the solar cycle? Choose all correct answers.
A. It provides a repeatable, objective measurement of solar activity
B. It serves as a good proxy for EUV emissions
C. It is measured from space, so it is not affected by clouds
D. It can be used to predict the occurrence of coronal mass ejections
Chapter 11 Solutions
UNDERSTANDING THE UNIVERSE(LL)-W/CODE
Ch. 11.1 - Prob. 11.1CYUCh. 11.2 - Prob. 11.2CYUCh. 11.3 - Prob. 11.3CYUCh. 11.4 - Prob. 11.4CYUCh. 11 - Prob. 1QAPCh. 11 - Prob. 2QAPCh. 11 - Prob. 3QAPCh. 11 - Prob. 4QAPCh. 11 - Prob. 5QAPCh. 11 - Prob. 6QAP
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- The capture of too few solar neutrinos by Davis in the solar neutrino experiment a. can be explained if the sun is not undergoing thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen in its core. b. indicates that the sun’s core is much cooler than expected. c. indicates that the sun’s core is much hotter than expected. d. indicates that the sun’s core is convective. e. is explained by none of the above.arrow_forwardCan you solve the problem, according to the information provided?arrow_forwardFor several hundred years, astronomers have kept track of the number of solar flares, or sunspots which occur on the surface of the sun. The number of sunspots counted varies periodically from a minimum of about 10 per year to a maximum of about 110 per year. Between the maximum that occurred in the years 1750 and 1948, there were 18 completed cycles. A.) What is the period of the sunspot cycle? B.) Assume that the number of sunspots varies sinusoidally with the year. Sketch a graph of two sun spot cycles, starting in 1948. C.) Write an equation expressing the number of sunspots per year in terms of the year. D.) what is the first year after 2000 in which the number of sunspots will be about 35? A maximum?arrow_forward
- What types of changes effect the Sun's energy output? Cycle 24 Sunspot Number (V2.0) Prediction (2016 10) 300 200 100 Cycle Cycle Cycle 22 23 24 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Hathaway NASA/ARC O A. 11 year solar sunspot cycles change the amount of radiation given off by the Sun. O B. As the Sun rotates more energy is scattered to space and less is retained on the surface. O C. Cycles of solar flares and prominences heat and cool the layers below the Sun's surface. O D. Solar energy is affected by the core output of photons.arrow_forwardThe sun has a radius of 6.959 × 108 m and a surface temperature of 5.81 x 10° K. When the sun radiates at a rate of 3.91 x 1026 W and is a perfect emitter. What is the rate of energy emitted per square meter? Stefan-Boltzmann constant is 5.67 x 10-8 J/s-m2 K4 a) 5.6 x 107 W/m2 b) 12.8 x 107 W/m2 c) 6.4 x 107 W/m2 25.6 x 107 W/m2 5.6 x 1017 W/m2arrow_forwardWhat is the name of the specific nuclear fusion process that dominates energy production in the core of the Sun and gives a brief description of how it works. What I'm looking for in this description is what is the basic premise behind nuclear fusion and what is going into this specific fusion reaction and what comes out of it.arrow_forward
- Assume that the core of the Sun has one-eighth of the Sun’s mass and is compressed within a sphere whose radius is one-fourth of the solar radius.Assume further that the composition of the core is 35% hydrogen by mass and that essentially all the Sun’s energy is generated there. If the Sun continues to burn hydrogen at the current rate of 6.2 *1011 kg/s, how long will it be before the hydrogen is entirely consumed? The Sun’s mass is 2.0 * 1030 kg.arrow_forwardDescribe the process as a photon (energy) created in the Sun's core makes its way out into space. Make sure to consider the different layers that the photon must pass through to reach the Sun's surface.arrow_forwardThe Sun emits 3.839 x 1026 J of energy every second, which is generated from the fusion of hydrogen into helium in its core. Using Einstein's equation E = mc2 (with c = 2.9979 x 108 m/s), determine how much mass the Sun converts to energy every second due to nuclear fusion in its core. If we assume that the Sun has been shining at this same rate through its entire 4.6 billion year history, how much mass has the Sun lost due to nuclear fusion during its lifetime? Express your answer as a fraction of the Sun's current mass (1.9891 x 1030 kg).arrow_forward
- Now suppose that all of the hydrogen atoms in the Sun were converted into helium. How much total energy would be produced? (To calculate the answer, you will have to estimate how many hydrogen atoms are in the Sun. This will give you good practice with scientific notation, since the numbers involved are very large! See Appendix C for a review of scientific notation.)arrow_forwardThe Sun's photosphere is a. the central region where the Sun originates b. the part of the Sun which the light comes that we see when we look at the Sun with our eyes c. the hottest region of the Sun d. the outermost layers of the Sun's atmosphere e. the first region you would come to when leaving the corearrow_forwardThe energy produced from the Sun's core passes through Sun's layers and travels through empty space. Which two types of heat transfer are used in this process?arrow_forward
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