Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
State true or false for the following statement: Conformations have the same molecular formula and the same connectivity but differ in the three-dimensional arrangement of their atoms in space.
Concept Introduction:
Conformations are any three dimensional arrangement of atoms of a molecule arises due to rotation around the single bond.
(b)
Interpretation:
State true or false for the following statement:In all conformations of ethane, propane, butane, and higher
Concept Introduction:
Conformers are spatial three dimensional arrangement of atom of a molecule in space.
(c)
Interpretation:
State true or false for the following statement: In a cyclohexane ring, if an axial bond is above the plane of the ring on a particular carbon, axial bonds on the two adjacent carbon are below the plane of the ring.
Concept Introduction:
Axial is a position on a chair conformation of cyclohexane ring. It is extended from the ring parallel to the imaginary axis of the ring.
(d)
Interpretation:
State true or false for the following statement:In a cyclohexane ring, if an equatorial bond is above the plane of the ring on a particular carbon, equatorial bonds on the two adjacent carbons are below the plane of the ring.
Concept Introduction:
In chair conformation of cyclohexane equatorial position extends form the ring almost perpendicular to the imaginary axis of the ring.
(e)
Interpretation:
State true or false for the following statement: The more stable chair conformation of a cyclohexane ring has more substituent group in equatorial positions.
Concept Introduction:
A six-membered ring is more stable when the maximum number of substituent groups is equatorial.
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Chapter 11 Solutions
INTRO.TO GENERAL,ORGAN...-OWLV2 ACCESS
- Write structural formulas and line-angle formulas for the following alkanes and cycloalkanes. (a) 2,2,4-Trimethylhexane (b) 2,2-Dimethylpropane (c) 3-Ethyl-2,4,5-trimethyloctane (d) 5-Butyl-2,2-dimethylnonane (e) 4-(1-Methylethyl)octane (f) 3,3-Dimethylpentane (g) trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane (h) cis-1,2-Diethylcyclobutanearrow_forwardSummarize the nomenclature rules for alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic compounds. Correct the following false statements regarding nomenclature of hydrocarbons. a. The root name for a hydrocarbon is based on the shortest continuous chain of carbon atoms. b. The suffix used to name all hydrocarbons is -ane. c. Substituent groups are numbered so as to give the largest numbers possible. d. No number is required to indicate the positions of double or triple bonds in alkenes and alkynes. e. Substituent groups get the lowest number possible in alkenes and alkynes. f. The ortho- term in aromatic hydrocarbons indicates the presence of two substituent groups bonded to carbon- 1 and carbon-3 in benzene.arrow_forwardDistinguish between isomerism and resonance. Distinguish between structural and geometric isomerism. When writing the various structural isomers, the most difficult task is identifying which are different isomers and which are identical to a previously written structurethat is, which are compounds that differ only by the rotation of a carbon single bond. How do you distinguish between structural isomers and those that are identical? Alkenes and cycloalkanes are structural isomers of each other. Give an example of each using C4H8. Another common feature of alkenes and cycloalkanes is that both have restricted rotation about one or more bonds in the compound, so both can exhibit cis- trans isomerism. What is required for an alkene or cycloalkane to exhibit cis-trans isomerism? Explain the difference between cis and trans isomers. Alcohols and ethers are structural isomers of each other, as are aldehydes and ketones. Give an example of each to illustrate. Which functional group in Table 21-4 can be structural isomers of carboxylic acids? What is optical isomerism? What do you look for to determine whether an organic compound exhibits optical isomerism? 1-Bromo-1-chloroethane is optically active whereas 1-bromo-2-chloroethane is not optically active. Explain.arrow_forward
- What functional group distinguishes each of the following hydrocarbon derivatives? a. halohydrocarbons b. alcohols c. ethers d. aldehydes e. ketones f. carboxylic acids g. esters h. amines Give examples of each functional group. What prefix or suffix is used to name each functional group? What are the bond angles in each? Describe the bonding in each functional group. What is the difference between a primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohol? For the functional groups in ah, when is a number required to indicate the position of the functional group? Carboxylic acids are often written as RCOOH. What does COOH indicate and what does R indicate? Aldehydes are sometimes written as RCHO. What does CHO indicate?arrow_forwardWhat is cis-trans isomerism in alkenes? cis-trans isomerism in alkenes involves having the major groups in an alkene on the same or opposite side of the double bond cis-trans isomerism in alkenes involves having different or identical substituents at the both ends of the double bond cis-trans isomerism in alkenes involves having the major groups in an alkene in staggered or eclipsed conformations cis-trans isomerism in alkenes involves different location of double bond along the carbon chainarrow_forwardPlease classify each compound as saturated or unsaturated. Identify each as alkane, an alkene, or an alkyne.arrow_forward
- Each alkane formula listed below has an error in it. Identify and state the error, then rewrite the formula correctly with the same number of carbon atoms. CH5 C2H3 C6H7 CH2Oarrow_forwardCompounds X and Y both have the formula C7H14. Both X and Y react with one molar equivalent of hydrogen in the presence of a palladium catalyst to form 2-methylhexane. The heat of hydrogenation of X is greater than that of Y. Both X and Y react with HCI to give the same single C₂H₁5Cl compound as the major product. What is the structure of X? • In cases where there is more than one answer, just draw one. 7 0▾ ChemDoodleⓇ 146arrow_forwardDraw all possible structure(s) and give the IUPAC systematic name(s) of an alkane or cycloalkane with the formula C8H18 that has only primary hydrogen atoms. Draw the structure(s).arrow_forward
- Compounds with two carbonyl groups are named as alkane diones, for example: R 2,3-butanedione The compound above is an artificial flavor added to microwave popcorn and movie-theater popcorn to simulate the butter flavor. Interestingly, this very same compound is also known to contribute to body odor. Name the following compounds: cyclohexane-1,3-dione cycloheptane-1,4-dione gily nonane-2,8-dionearrow_forwardCompounds Y and Z both have the formula C₂H18. Both Y and Z react with one molar equivalent of hydrogen in the presence of a palladium catalyst to form 2-methyloctane. The heat of hydrogenation of Y is less than that of Z. Y and Z each undergo hydroboration/oxidation to give a primary alcohol (OH attached to a primary carbon). What is the structure of Y? • In cases where there is more than one answer, just draw one. 1998) 0▾ + n [F ChemDoodle aarrow_forwardIndicate whether each statement is true or false. Two generic isomers of pentane are n-pentane and neo-pentane. Alkenes can have cis and trans isomers around the CC double bond. Alkynes can have cis and trans isomers around CC triple bond.arrow_forward
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