The effects of the aspirin and steroids on the metabolism of the eicosanoids and their relevance in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The difference between the effectiveness of aspirin and steroids in treating inflammation. Introduction: Aspirin is also known as the acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). It is a common nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID). It functions as antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory molecule. The steroids are a class of organic compounds havingfour rings of carbon in theirmolecular structure. The examples of steroid include vitamin, slkaloids, and hormones.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 11, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The effects of the aspirin and steroids on the metabolism of the eicosanoids and their relevance in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The difference between the effectiveness of aspirin and steroids in treating inflammation.

Introduction:

Aspirin is also known as the acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). It is a common nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID). It functions as antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory molecule. The steroids are a class of organic compounds havingfour rings of carbon in theirmolecular structure. The examples of steroid include vitamin, slkaloids, and hormones.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The rheumatoid arthritis is a diseased condition thatis characterized by the inflammation of joints. It is a type of the autoimmune disease, in which autoantibodies are produced against the body’s own cells. Thetreatment of rheumatoid arthritis is done by administration of aspirin or steroids that are used to suppress the pain and inflammation.

The mode of action ofaspirin includes the suppression of inflammation and pain. It is known to block the enzymeprostaglandin synthase, which converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. The steroids have the different mechanism to suppress the inflammation. In the macrophages, these steroids inhibit the phospholipase A₂ that is used in the production of the arachidonic acid.

The steroid blocks the phospholipase A₂, which is the precursor of arachidonic acid. The aspirin blocks the process in which arachidonic acid is converted to prostaglandins. Thus, they both help in suppressing the inflammation induced by the prostaglandin, a type of eicosanoids, but the steroids are more effective as they show immediate effects but should be administered only in severe cases because of their sideeffects.

Conclusion

Thus, it can be concluded that the steroids and the aspirin block the pathway used in the synthesis of theprostaglandins in the body and help in the suppression of inflammation. The difference between the two is that the steroid blocks the synthesis of the phospholipase A₂. As a result, arachidonic acid is not synthesize, dhich is the starting precursors for other eicosanoids. While the aspirin blocks the subsequent steps used in the production of mediators of inflammation.

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The carbon-nitrogen peptide bond is rigid, but rotation can take place about the bond between the nitrogen and a-carbon atoms and the bond between the a-carbon and the carbonyl carbon atom. These bond angles define the conformation of the peptide chain. Consider the Ramachandran plot shown to answer both questions. fr (degrees) 180 120 8280 60 ° -60 Which observation most likely describes part of an observed a helix? p=-59 degrees; y = +150 degrees; many Ser residues qp=-140 degrees; w +130 degrees; many Val residues qp=-57 degrees; y = -47 degrees; many Pro residues qp=-60 degrees; y = -47 degrees; many Ala residues p = +60 degrees; y = +40 degrees; many Gly residues Which observations would not likely occur in a ẞ sheet? qp=-59 degrees; y = -49 degrees; many Ala residues qp = +60 degrees; w = +60 degrees; many Gly residues qp=-120 degrees; y = +120 degrees; many Tyr residues ☐ ☐ qp=-139 degrees; y = +135 degrees; many Val residues op=-51 degrees; w+153 degrees; many Gly and Pro…

Please give an intuitive explanation of the difference, if any, between toxicokinetics and pharmacokinetics.

A protein biochemist attempted to determine the amino acid sequence of a decapeptide. The results from the trypsin, chymotrypsin, and cyanogen bromide treatments are shown: ⚫ Trypsin digestion gave two fragments with multiple residues (not in order): • T1: Ala, Arg, Phe, Gly, Thr, Trp, Tyr o T2: Lys, Met, Val Chymotrypsin digestion gave four fragments with multiple residues (not in order): • CT1: Ala, Phe • CT2: Thr, Trp • CT3: Lys, Met, Tyr, Val 。 CT4: Arg, Gly ⚫ Treatment with cyanogen bromide yielded a single amino acid, methionine, and a nonapeptide. What is a possible sequence of the decapeptide? Use three-letter abbreviations in your answer, and add a dash between each residue.

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 11, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The effects of the aspirin and steroids on the metabolism of the eicosanoids and their relevance in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The difference between the effectiveness of aspirin and steroids in treating inflammation.

Introduction:

Aspirin is also known as the acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). It is a common nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID). It functions as antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory molecule. The steroids are a class of organic compounds havingfour rings of carbon in theirmolecular structure. The examples of steroid include vitamin, slkaloids, and hormones.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The rheumatoid arthritis is a diseased condition thatis characterized by the inflammation of joints. It is a type of the autoimmune disease, in which autoantibodies are produced against the body’s own cells. Thetreatment of rheumatoid arthritis is done by administration of aspirin or steroids that are used to suppress the pain and inflammation.

The mode of action ofaspirin includes the suppression of inflammation and pain. It is known to block the enzymeprostaglandin synthase, which converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. The steroids have the different mechanism to suppress the inflammation. In the macrophages, these steroids inhibit the phospholipase A₂ that is used in the production of the arachidonic acid.

The steroid blocks the phospholipase A₂, which is the precursor of arachidonic acid. The aspirin blocks the process in which arachidonic acid is converted to prostaglandins. Thus, they both help in suppressing the inflammation induced by the prostaglandin, a type of eicosanoids, but the steroids are more effective as they show immediate effects but should be administered only in severe cases because of their sideeffects.

Conclusion

Thus, it can be concluded that the steroids and the aspirin block the pathway used in the synthesis of theprostaglandins in the body and help in the suppression of inflammation. The difference between the two is that the steroid blocks the synthesis of the phospholipase A₂. As a result, arachidonic acid is not synthesize, dhich is the starting precursors for other eicosanoids. While the aspirin blocks the subsequent steps used in the production of mediators of inflammation.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 11, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The effects of the aspirin and steroids on the metabolism of the eicosanoids and their relevance in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The difference between the effectiveness of aspirin and steroids in treating inflammation.

Introduction:

Aspirin is also known as the acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). It is a common nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID). It functions as antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory molecule. The steroids are a class of organic compounds havingfour rings of carbon in theirmolecular structure. The examples of steroid include vitamin, slkaloids, and hormones.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The rheumatoid arthritis is a diseased condition thatis characterized by the inflammation of joints. It is a type of the autoimmune disease, in which autoantibodies are produced against the body’s own cells. Thetreatment of rheumatoid arthritis is done by administration of aspirin or steroids that are used to suppress the pain and inflammation.

The mode of action ofaspirin includes the suppression of inflammation and pain. It is known to block the enzymeprostaglandin synthase, which converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. The steroids have the different mechanism to suppress the inflammation. In the macrophages, these steroids inhibit the phospholipase A₂ that is used in the production of the arachidonic acid.

The steroid blocks the phospholipase A₂, which is the precursor of arachidonic acid. The aspirin blocks the process in which arachidonic acid is converted to prostaglandins. Thus, they both help in suppressing the inflammation induced by the prostaglandin, a type of eicosanoids, but the steroids are more effective as they show immediate effects but should be administered only in severe cases because of their sideeffects.

Conclusion

Thus, it can be concluded that the steroids and the aspirin block the pathway used in the synthesis of theprostaglandins in the body and help in the suppression of inflammation. The difference between the two is that the steroid blocks the synthesis of the phospholipase A₂. As a result, arachidonic acid is not synthesize, dhich is the starting precursors for other eicosanoids. While the aspirin blocks the subsequent steps used in the production of mediators of inflammation.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 11, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The effects of the aspirin and steroids on the metabolism of the eicosanoids and their relevance in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The difference between the effectiveness of aspirin and steroids in treating inflammation.

Introduction:

Aspirin is also known as the acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). It is a common nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID). It functions as antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory molecule. The steroids are a class of organic compounds havingfour rings of carbon in theirmolecular structure. The examples of steroid include vitamin, slkaloids, and hormones.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The rheumatoid arthritis is a diseased condition thatis characterized by the inflammation of joints. It is a type of the autoimmune disease, in which autoantibodies are produced against the body’s own cells. Thetreatment of rheumatoid arthritis is done by administration of aspirin or steroids that are used to suppress the pain and inflammation.

The mode of action ofaspirin includes the suppression of inflammation and pain. It is known to block the enzymeprostaglandin synthase, which converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. The steroids have the different mechanism to suppress the inflammation. In the macrophages, these steroids inhibit the phospholipase A₂ that is used in the production of the arachidonic acid.

The steroid blocks the phospholipase A₂, which is the precursor of arachidonic acid. The aspirin blocks the process in which arachidonic acid is converted to prostaglandins. Thus, they both help in suppressing the inflammation induced by the prostaglandin, a type of eicosanoids, but the steroids are more effective as they show immediate effects but should be administered only in severe cases because of their sideeffects.

Conclusion

Thus, it can be concluded that the steroids and the aspirin block the pathway used in the synthesis of theprostaglandins in the body and help in the suppression of inflammation. The difference between the two is that the steroid blocks the synthesis of the phospholipase A₂. As a result, arachidonic acid is not synthesize, dhich is the starting precursors for other eicosanoids. While the aspirin blocks the subsequent steps used in the production of mediators of inflammation.

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Answer 5

Chapter 11, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The effects of the aspirin and steroids on the metabolism of the eicosanoids and their relevance in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The difference between the effectiveness of aspirin and steroids in treating inflammation.

Introduction:

Aspirin is also known as the acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). It is a common nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID). It functions as antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory molecule. The steroids are a class of organic compounds havingfour rings of carbon in theirmolecular structure. The examples of steroid include vitamin, slkaloids, and hormones.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The rheumatoid arthritis is a diseased condition thatis characterized by the inflammation of joints. It is a type of the autoimmune disease, in which autoantibodies are produced against the body’s own cells. Thetreatment of rheumatoid arthritis is done by administration of aspirin or steroids that are used to suppress the pain and inflammation.

The mode of action ofaspirin includes the suppression of inflammation and pain. It is known to block the enzymeprostaglandin synthase, which converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. The steroids have the different mechanism to suppress the inflammation. In the macrophages, these steroids inhibit the phospholipase A₂ that is used in the production of the arachidonic acid.

The steroid blocks the phospholipase A₂, which is the precursor of arachidonic acid. The aspirin blocks the process in which arachidonic acid is converted to prostaglandins. Thus, they both help in suppressing the inflammation induced by the prostaglandin, a type of eicosanoids, but the steroids are more effective as they show immediate effects but should be administered only in severe cases because of their sideeffects.

Conclusion

Thus, it can be concluded that the steroids and the aspirin block the pathway used in the synthesis of theprostaglandins in the body and help in the suppression of inflammation. The difference between the two is that the steroid blocks the synthesis of the phospholipase A₂. As a result, arachidonic acid is not synthesize, dhich is the starting precursors for other eicosanoids. While the aspirin blocks the subsequent steps used in the production of mediators of inflammation.

Answer 6

Chapter 11, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The effects of the aspirin and steroids on the metabolism of the eicosanoids and their relevance in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The difference between the effectiveness of aspirin and steroids in treating inflammation.

Introduction:

Aspirin is also known as the acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). It is a common nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID). It functions as antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory molecule. The steroids are a class of organic compounds havingfour rings of carbon in theirmolecular structure. The examples of steroid include vitamin, slkaloids, and hormones.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The rheumatoid arthritis is a diseased condition thatis characterized by the inflammation of joints. It is a type of the autoimmune disease, in which autoantibodies are produced against the body’s own cells. Thetreatment of rheumatoid arthritis is done by administration of aspirin or steroids that are used to suppress the pain and inflammation.

The mode of action ofaspirin includes the suppression of inflammation and pain. It is known to block the enzymeprostaglandin synthase, which converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. The steroids have the different mechanism to suppress the inflammation. In the macrophages, these steroids inhibit the phospholipase A₂ that is used in the production of the arachidonic acid.

The steroid blocks the phospholipase A₂, which is the precursor of arachidonic acid. The aspirin blocks the process in which arachidonic acid is converted to prostaglandins. Thus, they both help in suppressing the inflammation induced by the prostaglandin, a type of eicosanoids, but the steroids are more effective as they show immediate effects but should be administered only in severe cases because of their sideeffects.

Conclusion

Thus, it can be concluded that the steroids and the aspirin block the pathway used in the synthesis of theprostaglandins in the body and help in the suppression of inflammation. The difference between the two is that the steroid blocks the synthesis of the phospholipase A₂. As a result, arachidonic acid is not synthesize, dhich is the starting precursors for other eicosanoids. While the aspirin blocks the subsequent steps used in the production of mediators of inflammation.

Answer 7

Chapter 11, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The effects of the aspirin and steroids on the metabolism of the eicosanoids and their relevance in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The difference between the effectiveness of aspirin and steroids in treating inflammation.

Introduction:

Aspirin is also known as the acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). It is a common nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID). It functions as antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory molecule. The steroids are a class of organic compounds havingfour rings of carbon in theirmolecular structure. The examples of steroid include vitamin, slkaloids, and hormones.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The rheumatoid arthritis is a diseased condition thatis characterized by the inflammation of joints. It is a type of the autoimmune disease, in which autoantibodies are produced against the body’s own cells. Thetreatment of rheumatoid arthritis is done by administration of aspirin or steroids that are used to suppress the pain and inflammation.

The mode of action ofaspirin includes the suppression of inflammation and pain. It is known to block the enzymeprostaglandin synthase, which converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. The steroids have the different mechanism to suppress the inflammation. In the macrophages, these steroids inhibit the phospholipase A₂ that is used in the production of the arachidonic acid.

The steroid blocks the phospholipase A₂, which is the precursor of arachidonic acid. The aspirin blocks the process in which arachidonic acid is converted to prostaglandins. Thus, they both help in suppressing the inflammation induced by the prostaglandin, a type of eicosanoids, but the steroids are more effective as they show immediate effects but should be administered only in severe cases because of their sideeffects.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Conclusion

Thus, it can be concluded that the steroids and the aspirin block the pathway used in the synthesis of theprostaglandins in the body and help in the suppression of inflammation. The difference between the two is that the steroid blocks the synthesis of the phospholipase A₂. As a result, arachidonic acid is not synthesize, dhich is the starting precursors for other eicosanoids. While the aspirin blocks the subsequent steps used in the production of mediators of inflammation.

Answer 12

Ch. 11 - Prob. 1Q Ch. 11 - Prob. 2Q Ch. 11 - Prob. 3Q Ch. 11 - Prob. 4Q Ch. 11 - Prob. 5Q Ch. 11 - Prob. 6Q Ch. 11 - Prob. 7Q Ch. 11 - Prob. 8Q Ch. 11 - Prob. 9Q Ch. 11 - Prob. 1RQ

Explanation of Solution

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Chapter 11 Solutions