Foundations of Astronomy (MindTap Course List)
14th Edition
ISBN: 9781337399920
Author: Michael A. Seeds, Dana Backman
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 11, Problem 16RQ
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Explain the way which energy generated in the core of a star that has mass as that of solar mass moves to the surface of star.
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Describe how energy generated in the core of a 1-solar-mass star gets to the star's surface.
This star has a mass of 3.3 MSun. What is the main sequence lifetime of this star? You may assume that the lifetime of the sun is 1010 yr.
Using solar units, we find that a star has 4 times the luminosity of the Sun, a mass 1.25 times the mass of the Sun, and a surface temperature of 4090 K (take the Sun's surface temperature to be 5784 K for the sake of this problem). This means the star has a radius of.................... solar radii and is a .................... star (use the classification).
Chapter 11 Solutions
Foundations of Astronomy (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 11 - Prob. 1RQCh. 11 - Prob. 2RQCh. 11 - Prob. 3RQCh. 11 - Prob. 4RQCh. 11 - During free-fall collapse, what keeps the...Ch. 11 - Prob. 6RQCh. 11 - Prob. 7RQCh. 11 - Prob. 8RQCh. 11 - Prob. 9RQCh. 11 - Prob. 10RQ
Ch. 11 - Prob. 11RQCh. 11 - Prob. 12RQCh. 11 - Prob. 13RQCh. 11 - Describe the three ways thermal energy can be...Ch. 11 - Prob. 15RQCh. 11 - Prob. 16RQCh. 11 - How does the CNO cycle differ from the...Ch. 11 - Prob. 18RQCh. 11 - Prob. 19RQCh. 11 - Prob. 20RQCh. 11 - Prob. 21RQCh. 11 - Prob. 22RQCh. 11 - Prob. 23RQCh. 11 - Prob. 24RQCh. 11 - Prob. 1PCh. 11 - Prob. 2PCh. 11 - Prob. 3PCh. 11 - Prob. 4PCh. 11 - If a protostellar disk is 200 AU in radius and the...Ch. 11 - Prob. 6PCh. 11 - Prob. 7PCh. 11 - Prob. 8PCh. 11 - Prob. 9PCh. 11 - Prob. 10PCh. 11 - Prob. 11PCh. 11 - Prob. 12PCh. 11 - If the Orion Nebula is 8 pc in diameter and has a...Ch. 11 - Prob. 14PCh. 11 - Prob. 1SOPCh. 11 - Prob. 2SOPCh. 11 - Prob. 1LTLCh. 11 - Prob. 2LTLCh. 11 - Prob. 3LTLCh. 11 - Prob. 4LTLCh. 11 - Prob. 5LTLCh. 11 - Prob. 6LTL
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- For a main sequence star with luminosity L, how many kilograms of hydrogen is being converted into helium per second? Use the formula that you derive to estimate the mass of hydrogen atoms that are converted into helium in the interior of the sun (LSun = 3.9 x 1026 W). (Note: the mass of a hydrogen atom is 1 mproton and the mass of a helium atom is 3.97 mproton. You need four hydrogen nuclei to form one helium nucleus.)arrow_forwardThe mass-luminosity relation describes the mathematical relationship between luminosity and mass for main sequence stars. It describes how a star with a mass of 4 M⊙ would have a luminosity of ______ L⊙. If a star has a radius 1/2 that of the Sun and a temperature 4 that of the Sun, how many times higher is the star's luminosity than that of the Sun? (If it is smaller by a factor of 8, you would write 0.125 because 1/8=0.125) If a star has a radius 2 times larger than the Sun's and a luminosity 1/4th that of the Sun, how many times higher is the star's temperature than that of the Sun? (If it is smaller by a factor of 8, you would write 0.125 because 1/8=0.125) If a star has a surface temperature 2 times lower than the Sun's and a luminosity the same as the Sun, how many times larger is the star than the Sun? (If it is smaller by a factor of 8, you would write 0.125 because 1/8=0.125)arrow_forwardObservations show that stellar luminosity, L, and mass, M, are related by L x M3.5 for main sequence stars. Obtain an expression that relates the main sequence life time and the mass of a star. You should assume that the luminosity is constant throughout a star's main sequence life time, and that the amount of mass converted into energy by a star while it is on the main sequence is given by AM main sequence life time of a 20 Solar mass star given that the Sun is expected to spend 1010 years on the main sequence. Comment on the significance of your answer. fM, where f is a constant. Estimate thearrow_forward
- This star has a mass of 3.3 MSun. What is the main sequence lifetime of this star? You may assume that the lifetime of the sun is 1010 yr. Hint: The simple relation is that lifetime is proportional to mass divided by luminosity. If you use these quantities in solar masses and solar luminosities, then this relation tells you how many times longer than the Sun the star will live.arrow_forwardA red giant star might have radius = 104 times the solar radius, and luminosity = 1730 times solar luminosity. Use the data given below to calculate the temperature at the surface of the red giant star. Data: solar radius R = 7 x 108 meters solar luminosity L = 4 x 1026 watts Stefan-Boltzmann constant a = 5.67 x 10-8 W m² K-4 (in K) A: 1226 OB: 1434 OC: 1678 OD: 1963 OE: 2297 OF: 2688 OG: 3145 OH: 3679arrow_forwardBetelgeuse is a nearby supergiant that will eventually explode into a supernova. Let's see how awesome it would look. At peak brightness, the supernova will have a luminosity of about 10 billion times the Sun. It is 600 light-years away. All stellar brightnesses are compared with Vega, which has an intrinsic luminosity of about 60 times the Sun, a distance of 25 light-years, an absolute magnitude of 0.6 and an apparent magnitude of 0 (by definition). a) At peak brightness, how many times brighter will Betelgeuse be than Vega? b) Approximately what apparent magnitude does this correspond to? c) The Sun is about -26.5 apparent magnitude. What fraction of the Sun's brightness will Betelgeuse be?arrow_forward
- QUESTION 16 Use the figure shown below to complete the following statement: A low-mass protostar (0.5 to 8M the mass compared to our sun) remains roughly constant in decreases in until it makes a turn towards the main sequence, as it follows its evolutionary track. Protostars of different masses follow diferent paths on their way to the main sequence. 107 Luminosity (L) 10 105 10 107 10² 101 1 10-1 10-2 10-3 Spectral type 0.01 R 0.001 Re 60 M MAIN SEQUENCE 40,000 30,000 20 Mau 10 Mgun 5 Mun 0.1 Run Ren radius; temperature luminosity; radius 3 Min. 05 BO temperature; luminosity Oluminosity: temperature radius: luminosity 1 M 10,000 6000 Surlace temperature (K) 1,000 Rs 2 M STAR L 0.8 M B5 AO FOGO КБ МБ -10 +10 3000 Absolute visual magnitude andarrow_forwardOne way to calculate the radius of a star is to use its luminosity and temperature and assume that the star radiates approximately like a blackbody. Astronomers have measured the characteristics of central stars of planetary nebulae and have found that a typical central star is 16 times as luminous and 20 times as hot (about 110,000 K) as the Sun. Find the radius in terms of the Sun’s. How does this radius compare with that of a typical white dwarf?arrow_forwardWhat is the surface temperature of a star that emits at a peak wavelength of 400 non? 1nm=1x10(-9) marrow_forward
- Use t = 1 M2.5 to compute the life expectancy of a 0.6-solar-mass star. (A solar lifetime is approximately 10 billion years.) yrWhy might this be an underestimate if the star is fully mixed by convection? a) If the star is fully mixed its mass will be much larger than 0.6 solar masses. b) If the star is fully mixed its mass will be much smaller than 0.6 solar masses. c) If the star is fully mixed it will be able to use a larger portion of its hydrogen in fusion than the Sun. d) If the star is fully mixed it will be able to use a smaller portion of its hydrogen in fusion than the Sun.arrow_forwardLet's calculate how much mass will be lost by the Sun during the course of its main-sequence lifetime. While it is on the main sequence, a star converts about 10% of the hydrogen initially present into helium (remember that it is only the core of the star that is hot enough for fusion). During nuclear fusion, the Sun converts about 0.7% of the core hydrogen mass into energy. The total mass of the Sun is 2 × 1030 kg. How many kilograms of mass will be converted to energy during the main sequence stage of the Sun's life? What is the ratio of this lost mass to the Earth's mass (6 × 1024 kg)? In other words, how many Earths of mass will be turned into energy?arrow_forward12: A star with spectral type A0 has a surface temperature of 9600 K and a radius of 2.2 RSun. How many times more luminous is this star than the Sun? (if it is less luminous enter a number less than one) Answer: 36.854 13:This star has a mass of 3.3 MSun. what is the main sequence lifetime of this star? You may assume that the lifetime of the sun is 1010 yr. Please answer question 13 thank you.arrow_forward
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