Chapter 11, Problem 11TYK

From studying the effects of epinephrine on liver cells, Sutherland concluded that

1. a. there is a 1-to-10,000 correlation between the number of epinephrine molecules bound to receptors and the number of glucose molecules released from glycogen.
2. b. epinephrine enters liver cells and binds to receptors that function as transcription factors to turn on the gene for glycogen phosphorylase.
3. c. there is a “second messenger” that transmits the signal of epinephrine binding on the plasma membrane to the enzymes involved in glycogen breakdown inside the cell.
4. d. epinephrine functions as a ligand to open ion channels in the plasma membrane that allow Ca²⁺ to enter and initiate a response.