![Chemistry: Principles and Reactions](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781305079373/9781305079373_largeCoverImage.gif)
Concept explainers
How many grams of the following nonelectrolytes would have to be mixed with 100.0 g of p-dichlorobenzene to increase the boiling point by 3.0°C? To decrease the freezing point by 2.0°C? (Use Table 10.2.)
(a) succinic acid (C4H6O4)
(b) caffeine (C8H10N4O2)
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
(a)
Interpretation:
The mass of succinic acid mixed with 100.0 g of p-dichlorobenzene to increase the boiling point by
Concept introduction:
Non-electrolytes are substances which do not dissociate into ions in the aqueous solution. Thus, they do not conduct electricity.
If a non−volatile solute is added to a volatile solvent, elevation in freezing point takes place. This can be determined using the following formula:
Here,
Similarly, the depression in freezing point can be calculated as follows:
Here,
And,
Molality is defined as number of moles of solute in 1 kg of the solvent.
Answer to Problem 40QAP
The mass of succinic acid mixed with 100.0 g of p-dichlorobenzene to increase the boiling point by
Explanation of Solution
The elevation in boiling point can be calculated using the following formula:
Here,
Since,
So,
Thus, to increase the boiling point by
Now, molality is related to number of moles of solute as follows:
Put the values of mass solvent as
To calculate the freezing point depression, following formula is used.
Here
Since,
So,
To decrease the freezing point by
Now,
Put the values of mass solvent as
Since, molar mass of succinic acid
For boiling point case:
For freezing point case:
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
(b)
Interpretation:
The mass of caffeine mixed with 100.0 g of p-dichlorobenzene to increase the boiling point by
Concept introduction:
Non-electrolytes are substances which do not dissociate into ions in the aqueous solution. Thus, they do not conduct electricity.
If a non−volatile solute is added to a volatile solvent, elevation in freezing point takes place. This can be determined using the following formula:
Here,
Similarly, the depression in freezing point can be calculated as follows:
Here,
And,
Molality is defined as number of moles of solute in 1 kg of the solvent.
Answer to Problem 40QAP
The mass of caffeine mixed with 100.0 g of p-dichlorobenzene to increase the boiling point by
Explanation of Solution
The elevation in boiling point can be calculated using the following formula:
Here,
Since,
So,
Thus, to increase the boiling point by
Now, molality is related to number of moles of solute as follows:
Put the values of mass solvent as
To calculate the freezing point depression, following formula is used.
Here
Since,
So,
To decrease the freezing point by
Now,
Put the values of mass solvent as
Since, molar mass of caffeine
For boiling point case:
For freezing point case:
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 10 Solutions
Chemistry: Principles and Reactions
- A researcher has developed a new analytical method to determine the percent by mass iron in solids. To test the new method, the researcher purchases a standard reference material sample that is 2.85% iron by mass. Analysis of the iron standard with the new method returns values of 2.75%, 2.89%, 2.77%, 2.81%, and 2.87%. Does the new method produce a result that is significantly different from the standard value at the 95% confidence level?arrow_forwardCreate a drawing of an aceral with at least 2 isopropoxy groups, and a total of 11 carbon atomsarrow_forward4. Predict the major product(s) for each of the following reactions. HBr (1 equiv.) peroxide, A a. b. NBS, peroxide, Aarrow_forward
- In addition to the separation techniques used in this lab (magnetism, evaporation, and filtering), there are other commonly used separation techniques. Some of these techniques are:Distillation – this process is used to separate components that have significantly different boiling points. The solution is heated and the lower boiling point substance is vaporized first. The vapor can be collected and condensed and the component recovered as a pure liquid. If the temperature of the mixture is then raised, the next higher boiling component will come off and be collected. Eventually only non-volatile components will be left in the original solution.Centrifugation – a centrifuge will separate mixtures based on their mass. The mixture is placed in a centrifuge tube which is then spun at a high speed. Heavier components will settle at the bottom of the tube while lighter components will be at the top. This is the technique used to separate red blood cells from blood plasma.Sieving – this is…arrow_forwardBriefly describe a eutectic system.arrow_forward13.53 Draw all stereoisomers formed when each compound is treated with HBr in the presence of peroxides. a. b. C.arrow_forward
- Nonearrow_forwardNonearrow_forwardman Campus Depa (a) Draw the three products (constitutional isomers) obtained when 2-methyl-3-hexene reacts with water and a trace of H2SO4. Hint: one product forms as the result of a 1,2-hydride shift. (1.5 pts) This is the acid-catalyzed alkene hydration reaction.arrow_forward
- Chemistry & Chemical ReactivityChemistryISBN:9781337399074Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David TreichelPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry & Chemical ReactivityChemistryISBN:9781133949640Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David TreichelPublisher:Cengage LearningIntroduction to General, Organic and BiochemistryChemistryISBN:9781285869759Author:Frederick A. Bettelheim, William H. Brown, Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell, Omar TorresPublisher:Cengage Learning
- Chemistry: Principles and PracticeChemistryISBN:9780534420123Author:Daniel L. Reger, Scott R. Goode, David W. Ball, Edward MercerPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: Principles and ReactionsChemistryISBN:9781305079373Author:William L. Masterton, Cecile N. HurleyPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: The Molecular ScienceChemistryISBN:9781285199047Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. StanitskiPublisher:Cengage Learning
![Text book image](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781337399074/9781337399074_smallCoverImage.gif)
![Text book image](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781133949640/9781133949640_smallCoverImage.gif)
![Text book image](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781285869759/9781285869759_smallCoverImage.gif)
![Text book image](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9780534420123/9780534420123_smallCoverImage.gif)
![Text book image](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781305079373/9781305079373_smallCoverImage.gif)
![Text book image](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781285199047/9781285199047_smallCoverImage.gif)