Problem 1DQ: For the process A(l)A(g) , which direction is favoredby changes in energy probability? Positional... Problem 2DQ Problem 3DQ Problem 4DQ Problem 5DQ Problem 6DQ Problem 7DQ: Predict the sign of S for each of the following andexplain. a. the evaporation of alcohol b. the... Problem 8DQ Problem 9DQ Problem 10DQ: At 1 atm, liquid water is heated above 100°C. For thisprocess which of the following choices (iiv)... Problem 11DQ Problem 12E Problem 13E Problem 14E Problem 15E: Consider the following energy levels, each capable ofholding two objects: Draw all the possible... Problem 16E Problem 17E Problem 18E: Which of the following involve an increase in the entropy of the system under consideration? a.... Problem 19E Problem 20E: Choose the substance with the larger positional probabilityin each case. a. 1 mole of H2 (at STP) or... Problem 21E: In the roll of two dice, what total number is the mostlikely to occur? Is there an energy reason why... Problem 22E: Entropy can be calculated by a relationship proposed by Ludwig Boltzmann: S=kBln where... Problem 23E: Calculate the energy required to change the temperatureof 1.00 kg of ethane (C2H6) from 25.0°C to... Problem 24E: For nitrogen gas the values of CvandCp at 25°Care 20.8JK-1mol-1and29.1JK-1mol-1 , respectively.When... Problem 25E: Consider a rigid, insulated box containing 0.400 mole ofHe(g) at 20.0°C and 1.00 atm in one... Problem 26E: One mole of an ideal gas is contained in a cylinder witha movable piston. The temperature is... Problem 27E: One mole of an ideal gas with a volume of 1.0 L and apressure of 5.0 atm is allowed to expand... Problem 28E: A cylinder with an initial volume of 10.0 L is fitted witha frictionless piston and is filled with... Problem 29E: The molar heat capacities for carbon dioxide at 298.0 Kare Cv=28.95 JK 1 mol 1Cp=37.27 JK 1 mol 1... Problem 30E: The molar entropy of helium gas at 25°C and 1.00 atmis 126.1JK-1mol-1 . Assuming ideal behavior,... Problem 31E: Consider the process A(l)A(g)75C155C which is carried out at constant pressure. The total S for this... Problem 32E: A sample of ice weighing 18.02 g, initially at -30.0°C,is heated to 140.0°C at a constant pressure... Problem 33E: Calculate the entropy change for a process in which3.00 moles of liquid water at 0°C is mixed with... Problem 34E: Calculate the change in entropy that occurs when18.02 g of ice at -10.0°C is placed in 54.05 g of... Problem 35E: The synthesis of glucose directly from CO2andH2O andthe synthesis of proteins directly from amino... Problem 36E: A green plant synthesizes glucose by photosynthesis as shown in the reaction... Problem 37E: Entropy has been described as “time’s arrow.” Interpretthis view of entropy. Problem 38E: For a gas phase reaction, what do you concentrate on topredict the sign of S ? For a phase change,... Problem 39E: What determines Ssurr for a process? To calculate Ssurr at constant pressure and temperature, we use... Problem 40E: Predict the sign of Ssurr for the following processes. a. H2O(l)H2O(g) b. I2(g)I2(s) Problem 41E: Calculate Ssurr for the following reactions at 25°C and1 atm. a. C3H8(g )+5O2(g) 3CO2(g... Problem 42E: For each of the following pairs of substances, whichsubstance has the greater value of S°at 25°C and... Problem 43E: Predict the sign of S for each of the following changes. b. AgCl(s)Ag+(aq)+Cl(aq) c.... Problem 44E Problem 45E Problem 46E: For the reaction CS2(g)+3O2(g)CO2(g)+2SO2(g) S is equal to -143 J/K. Use this value and data... Problem 47E: For the reaction C2H2(g)+4F2(g)2CF4(g)+H2(g) S is equal to -358 J/K. Use this value and data... Problem 48E: Ethanethiol ( C2H5SH ; also called ethyl mercaptan) iscommonly added to natural gas to provide the... Problem 49E: For mercury at 1 atm, the enthalpy of vaporization is58.51 kJ/mol and the entropy of vaporization is... Problem 50E: The enthalpy of vaporization of ethanol is 38.7 kJ/molat its boiling point (78°C). Determine... Problem 51E: For ammonia (NH3) the enthalpy of fusion is 5.65 kJ/mol,and the entropy of fusion is 28.9JK-1mol-1 .... Problem 52E: It is quite common for a solid to change from one structureto another at a temperature below its... Problem 53E: As O2(l) is cooled at 1 atm, it freezes at 54.5 K to formsolid I. At a lower temperature, solid I... Problem 54E Problem 55E: The value of G for the reaction 2C4H10(g)+13O2(g)8CO2(g)+10H2O(l) is-5490. kJ. Use this value and... Problem 56E: Of the functions H,S,andG , which dependsmost strongly on temperature? When G is calculatedat... Problem 57E: For the reaction at 29° K, 2NO2(g)N2O4(g) the values of H and S are -58.03 kJ and -176.6... Problem 58E: Consider the reaction Fe2O3(s)+3H2(g)2Fe(s)+3H2O(g) a. Use Gf values in Appendix 4 to calculate G... Problem 59E: Consider the reaction 2POCl3(g)2PCl3(g)+O2(g) a. Calculate G for this reaction. The Gf values for... Problem 60E: Consider two reactions for the production of ethanol: C2H4(g )+H2O(g) CH3 CH2OH(l)C2H6(g )+H2O(g)... Problem 61E Problem 62E Problem 63E: When most biological enzymes are heated, they losetheir catalytic activity. The change Original... Problem 64E: For the reaction 2O(g)O2(g) a. predict the signs of H and S . b. would the reaction be more... Problem 65E: Hydrogen cyanide is produced industrially by the following exothermic reaction:... Problem 66E: A reaction at constant T and P is spontaneous as long as G is negative; that is, reactions always... Problem 67E: G predicts spontaneity for a reaction at constant T andP, whereas G predicts the equilibrium... Problem 68E: Using thermodynamic data from Appendix 4, calculate G at 25°C for the process 2SO2(g)+O2(g)2SO3(g)... Problem 69E Problem 70E: Using data from Appendix 4, calculate G for thereaction 2H2S(g)+SO2(g)3S(s)+2H2O(g) for the... Problem 71E Problem 72E: One of the reactions that destroys ozone in the upperatmosphere is NO(g)+O3(g)NO2(g)+O2(g) Using... Problem 73E: Hydrogen sulfide can be removed from natural gas bythe reaction 2H2S(g)+SO2(g)3S(s)+2H2O(g)... Problem 74E: Consider the autoionization of water at 25°C: H2O(l)H+(aq)+OH(aq)Kw=1.0010-14 a. Calculate DG8 for... Problem 75E: How can one estimate the value of K at temperaturesother than 25°C for a reaction? How can one... Problem 76E: The standard free energies of formation and the standardenthalpies of formation at 298 K for... Problem 77E: Consider the reaction Fe2O3(s)+3H2(g)2Fe(s)+3H2O(g) a.suming HandS do not depend on... Problem 78E Problem 79E: Consider the following reaction at 800. K: N2(g)+3F2(g)2NF3(g) a. equilibrium mixture contains the... Problem 80E: Consider the following reaction at 298 K: 2SO2(g)+O2(g)2SO3(g) a. equilibrium mixture contains... Problem 81E: For the reaction A(g)+2B(g)C(g) the initial partial pressures of gases A, B, and C are all0.100 atm.... Problem 82E: Consider the following diagram of free energy (G) versusfraction of A reacted in terms of moles for... Problem 83E: Calculate G for H2O(g)+12O2(g)H2O2(g) at600. K, using the following data: H2(g )+O2(g)H2O2(g)K=2... Problem 84E: Cells use the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate, abbreviatedATP, as a source of energy.... Problem 85E: Carbon monoxide is toxic because it bonds much morestrongly to the iron in hemoglobin (Hgb) than... Problem 86E: One reaction that occurs in human metabolism is For this reaction G=14kJ at 25°C. a. Calculate K for... Problem 87E: At 25.0°C, for the reaction 2NO2(g)N2O4(g) the values of HandS are 25°.03 kJ/mol and -176.6JK-1mol-1... Problem 88E: Consider the relationship ln(K)=HRT+SR The equilibrium constant for some hypothetical processwas... Problem 89E: a. Use the equation in Exercise 88 to determine H and S for the autoionization of water:... Problem 90E: The equilibrium constant K for the reaction 2Cl(g)Cl2(g) was measured as a function of temperature... Problem 91E: The equilibrium constant for a certain reaction decreasesfrom 8.84 to 3.25102 when the temperature... Problem 92E: A sample of a monatomic ideal gas at 1.00 atm and25°C expands adiabatically and reversibly from 5.00... Problem 93E: A sample of 1.75 moles of H2(Cv=20.5JK-1mol-1) at 21°C and 1.50 atm undergoes a reversible... Problem 94E: A 1.50-mole sample of an ideal gas is allowed to expandadiabatically and reversibly to twice its... Problem 95E: Consider 1.00 mole of CO2(g) at 300. K and 5.00 atm.The gas expands until the final pressure is 1.00... Problem 96E Problem 97AE: A mixture of hydrogen gas and chlorine gas remainsunreacted until it is exposed to ultraviolet light... Problem 98AE: When the environment is contaminated by a toxic orpotentially toxic substance (for example, from a... Problem 99AE: If you calculate a value for G for a reaction usingvalues of Gf in Appendix 4 and get a negative... Problem 100AE: Given the following illustration, what can be said aboutthe sign of S for the process of solid NaCl... Problem 101AE: Some water is placed in a coffee cup calorimeter. When1.0 g of an ionic solid is added, the... Problem 102AE: Using Appendix 4 and the following data, determine S° for Fe(CO)5(g) . Fe(s)+5CO(g) Fe(CO)5(g)S=?... Problem 103AE Problem 104AE: Human DNA contains almost twice as much informationas is needed to code for all the substances... Problem 105AE: The enthalpy of vaporization of chloroform (CHCl3) is31.4 kJ/mol at its boiling point (61.7°C).... Problem 106AE: Two crystalline forms of white phosphorus are known.Both forms contain P4 molecules, but the... Problem 107AE: Monochloroethane (C2H5Cl) can be produced by thedirect reaction of ethane gas (C2H6) with chlorine... Problem 108AE: Acrylonitrile is the starting material used in the manufactureof acrylic fibers (U.S. annual... Problem 109AE Problem 110AE: Many biochemical reactions that occur in cells requirerelatively high concentrations of potassium... Problem 111AE: Consider the following reaction at 35°C: 2NOCl(g)2NO(g)+Cl2(g)G=20.kJ If 2.0 atm of NOCl are reacted... Problem 112AE: Consider the reaction H2(g)+Br2(g)2HBr(g) where H=-103.8kJ . In a particular experiment,1.00 atm of... Problem 113AE: At 1500 K the process I2(g)2I(g)10atm10atm is not spontaneous. However, the process... Problem 114AE: Using the following data, calculate the value of Ksp for Ba(NO3)2 , one of the least soluble of the... Problem 115AE: Sodium chloride is added to water (at 25°C) until it issaturated. Calculate the Cl concentration in... Problem 116AE Problem 117AE Problem 118AE: The deciding factor on why HF is a weak acid and not astrong acid like the other hydrogen halides is... Problem 119AE Problem 120AE: Calculate the entropy change for the vaporization ofliquid methane and hexane using the following... Problem 121AE: The standard entropy values (S°) for H2O(l)andH2O(g) are 70.JK-1mol-1and189JK-1mol-1 ,... Problem 122AE: Calculate the values of S and G for each of the followingprocesses at 298 K:... Problem 123AE: Calculate the changes in free energy, enthalpy, and entropywhen 1.00 mole of Ar(g) at 27°C is... Problem 124AE: Consider the isothermal expansion of 1.00 mole of idealgas at 27°C. The volume increases from 30.0 L... Problem 125AE: A 1.00-mole sample of an ideal gas in a vessel with amovable piston initially occupies a volume of... Problem 126AE: One mole of an ideal gas with a volume of 6.67 L and apressure of 1.50 atm is contained in a vessel... Problem 127AE: Which of the following reactions (or processes) are expected to have a negative value for S ? a.... Problem 128AE: For rubidium Hvap=69.0kJ/mol at 686°C, its boilingpoint. Calculate S , q, w, and E for the... Problem 129AE: Given the thermodynamic data below, calculate S and Ssurr for the following reaction at 25°C and 1... Problem 130AE: Consider the reaction: H2S(g)+SO2(g)3S(g)+2H2O(l) for which H is -233 kJ and S is -424 J/K. a.... Problem 131AE: The following reaction occurs in pure water: H2O(l)+H2O(l)H3O+(aq)+OH(aq) which is often abbreviated... Problem 132AE: Consider the dissociation of a weak acid HA (Ka=4.5103) in water: HA(aq)H+(aq)+A(aq) Calculate G for... Problem 133AE: Consider the reaction: PCl3(g)+Cl2(g)PCl5(g) a. 25°C, G=92.50kJ . Which of the following statements... Problem 134AE: The equilibrium constant for a certain reaction increasesby a factor of 6.67 when the temperature is... Problem 135CP: Consider a 2.00-mole sample of Ar at 2.00 atm and298 K. a. If the gas sample expands adiabatically... Problem 136CP Problem 137CP: One mole of an ideal gas undergoes an isothermal reversibleexpansion at 25°C. During this process,... Problem 138CP: At least some of what is in the following quoted statementis false. Change the incorrect statements... Problem 139CP: You have a 1.00-L sample of hot water (90.°C) sittingopen in a 25°C room. Eventually the water cools... Problem 140CP: Consider two perfectly insulated vessels. Vessel 1 initiallycontains an ice cube at 0°C and water at... Problem 141CP: If wet silver carbonate is dried in a stream of hot air, theair must have a certain concentration... Problem 142CP: Consider a weak acid HX. If a 0.10 M solution of HXhas a pH of 5.83 at 25°C, what is G for the... Problem 143CP: Using data from Appendix 4, calculate H , G , and K(at 298 K) for the production of ozone from... Problem 144CP: One mole of a monatomic ideal gas (for which S=8.00JK1mol1 at 273.0°C) was heated at a... Problem 145CP: Consider the system A(g)B(g) a. 25°C. a. Assuming that GA=8996J/molandGB=11,718J/mol , calculate the... Problem 146CP: Liquid water at 25°C is introduced into an evacuated, insulated vessel. Identify the signs of the... Problem 147CP: Consider 1.00 mole of an ideal gas that is expanded isothermally at 25°C from 2.45102 atm to 2.45103... Problem 148CP Problem 149CP: Consider the reaction 2CO(g)+O2(g)2CO2(g) a. Using data from Appendix 4, calculate K at 298 K. b.... Problem 150CP Problem 151CP Problem 152CP: Consider the following Cp values for N2(g) : Assume that Cp can be expressed in the form Cp=a+bT+cT2... Problem 153CP: Benzene (C6H6) has a melting point of 5.5°C and anenthalpy of fusion of 10.04 kJ/mol at 25.0°C. The... Problem 154MP Problem 155MP format_list_bulleted