Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology (5th Edition)
5th Edition
ISBN: 9780321967671
Author: Eric J. Simon, Jean L. Dickey, Jane B. Reece, Kelly A. Hogan
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 10, Problem 11SQ
HIV requires an enzyme called _____ to convert its RNA genome to a DNA version. Why is this enzyme a particularly good target for anti-AIDS drugs? (Hint: Would you expect such a drug to harm the human host?)
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One of the first and most important targets for drugs to fight infection with HIV (a retrovirus) is the reverse transcriptase enzyme. Why?
Viruses can easily mutate exchange genetic material, mechanisms referred to as antigenic drift and antigenic
shift. These changes allow the virus to evade the immune system defenses. Match each term with the correct
definition
Antigenic drift
[ Choose ]
[Choose ]
Different strains of a virus or strain of different viruses, combine and form a new strain that now has a mixture of the surface antigens
Antigenic shift
The virus changes genetically by accumulating mutations within the genes that code for antibody-binding sites
Would it be effective to use an inhibitor of RNA polymerase to block the HIV replication cycle and subsequent infection of human T cells?
Yes, this would stop the transcription of viral genes and prevent HIV from being able to replicate.
No, these types of inhibitors do not exist and would be impossible to make.
No, this would block transcription of T cell genes, leading to the death of T cells and compromised immune systems in individuals.
Yes, inhibitors of RNA polymerase are easy and relatively inexpensive to produce and make good therapeutics.
Chapter 10 Solutions
Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology (5th Edition)
Ch. 10 - A molecule of DNA contains two polymer strands...Ch. 10 - Name the three parts of every nucleotide.Ch. 10 - Which of the following correctly ranks nucleic...Ch. 10 - A scientist inserts a radioactively labeled DNA...Ch. 10 - The nucleotide sequence of a DNA codon is GTA....Ch. 10 - Describe the process by which the information in a...Ch. 10 - Match the following molecules with the cellular...Ch. 10 - A geneticist finds that a particular mutation has...Ch. 10 - Scientists have discovered how to put together a...Ch. 10 - How do some viruses reproduce without ever having...
Ch. 10 - HIV requires an enzyme called _____ to convert its...Ch. 10 - A cell containing a single chromosome is placed in...Ch. 10 - In a classic 1952 experiment, biologists Alfred...Ch. 10 - Interpreting Data The graph below summarizes the...Ch. 10 - Prob. 15BSCh. 10 - Prob. 16BSCh. 10 - Flu vaccines have been shown to be safe, are very...
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- Jane Doe is infected with HIV. One of her medications is acyclovir, which is a/an ____________________ drug used to treat viral infections or to provide temporary immunity.arrow_forwardAnswer the following 1.Are viruses living or non-living organisms? 2. What is the difference between HIV and AIDS? 3. HIV is classified as a retrovirus. What are retroviruses? 4. In your own words, provide a short summary of the HIV replication cycle. 5. Why is reverse transcriptase an important enzyme in the replication cycle of HIV? 6. In the chapter about enzymes, we have discussed how drugs are basically inhibitors. There are currently a multitude of Antiretroviral therapy (ART or ARV) options available to people living with HIV (PLHIV) so that the viral replication is suppressed and does not progress to AIDS. What do you think these drugs target? Discuss briefly. 7. SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes CoVid-19, belongs to the Coronaviridae family. Viruses under this family have a genome made of single-stranded positive-sense RNA. Is this similar to the viral genome of HIV? If so, do you think that – in theory – they would have similar replication cycles? 8. In your own opinion, do…arrow_forwardWhat properties make HIV an "emerging virus"? HIV is now starting to cause diseases other than AIDS, such as rare types of cancers and pneumonias. HIV mutates rapidly, making the virus very different from HIV in the early 1980s. HIV infected humans long before the 1980s, but it has now mutated to a deadlier form. HIV suddenly became apparent and widespread in the 1980s.arrow_forward
- (there are multiple right answers to this homework question but I can't tell which one is right) You are designing a phage therapy for a cystic fibrosis patient with an multi-antibiotic resistant Mycobacterium infection. The Mycobacterium infection is preventing the patient from taking immunosuppressant drugs that are needed for a successful lung transplant. The idea is that introducing the right phage to the patient will kill the Mycobacterium cells and allow the patient to go on immunosuppressant drugs that will ensure the new lung is not rejected by the body. In the first step of your phage therapy design process, you isolate the exact Mycobacterium strain from the patient. What is the most important thing must you establish next about this bacterial isolate? That the isolate is genomically stable so you can study it That the isolate is similar to Mycobacterium in other patients That the isolate rapidly evolves due to horizontal gene transfer That the Mycobacterium is…arrow_forwardViruses are host-specific, meaning they can only infect specific types of host organisms. For examble, the adenovirus is responsible for the common cold in humans but your dog can't catch a cold from you. Why is this? The proteins on the virus surface can only bind with proteins on the correct host surface. It is an enveloped or non-enveloped virus. The enzymes carried by the virus are compatible with the host. The genome of the virus is made of DNA or RNA.arrow_forwardIn the Spring and Summer of 2020, mass protests erupted across the US in response to police violence against African Americans. At the same time, the US was experiencing a COVID-19 pandemic. Many public health experts wondered whether participating in these protests (exposure) would be associated with being diagnosed with COVID-19 (outcome). Imagine you have been hired to draft a plan to study this potential association. There are many parts of the discussion. Be sure to answer all questions. • Which study design would you choose? (Almost any design is okay). Explain the factors that influenced why you selected that one. Include some of the benefits/drawbacks of your selected study design and the benefits/drawbacks of ONE of the study designs you did not select. • Write your research question and make a hypothesis about the results. • Research question should be neutral. Do not include words such as "increases" or "decreases." • Hypothesis can include words such as "increases" or…arrow_forward
- You have discovered a new disease-causing virus. It has a negative sense RNA genome. Infected individuals often have few-to-no symptoms, but are continuously infectious to other individuals for months after initial infection. Which of the following is likely true about this virus? (Select all that apply) Its genome must first circularize before being translated into proteins It carries a replicase protein into a host cell upon infection. The symptoms of this virus exemplify a latent infection. The virus has infected every cell within an infected individual. The virus must first synthesize the complementary strand RNA before expressing new proteins. The symptoms of this virus exemplify a chronic infection.arrow_forwardCoronaviridae is a virus “family.” There are actually many different coronaviruses within this group, including less pathogenic virus strains that cause the common cold. Many people in this course have likely been infected with one of these other coronaviruses. A common feature of coronaviruses and other RNA viruses (think influenza virus, HIV, etc.) is that they mutate frequently. This is because the viral enzymes that copy the genome during replication can’t fix mistakes. Given this information, how might we be able to distinguish the SARS-CoV-2 strain from some of the other, less concerning, coronavirus strains?arrow_forwardAn antimicrobial drug binds to the HIV reverse transcriptase enzyme, preventing it from working. Which of the following is true of this drug? It would inhibit early replication steps of some viruses, but not affect normal eukaryotic cell activity. It would directly interfere with translation of some viral proteins and some eukaryotic proteins. It would block assembly/maturation steps of some viruses, and interfere with translation in eukaryotic cells. It would interfere with release of newly formed viruses from a host cell, but not affect eukaryotic cells. It would interfere with protein synthesis in bacteria, but not affect eukaryotic ribosomes. It would interfere with mRNA transcription in bacteria and viruses, but not affect eukaryotic transcription.arrow_forward
- Considering that each virus must bind to a specific cell surface receptor for attachment, explain how you would create a drug that prevents viral attachment.arrow_forwardFinding drugs to treat viruses is far more challenging than finding drugs to treat bacteria. A. Why the difference? Ans: Viruses need a host cell to replicate and a bacteria needs food to continue to replicate. B. What can anti-viral drugs target in order to bring a viral infection under control, or to prevent a viral infection in the first place? Ans: To bring an infection under control you would want to inhibit protease so it could not break down the polypeptide protein chain down into new protein coats. C. What can anti-viral drugs target to prevent a viral infection in the first place? Ans: To prevent a viral infection in the first place you could take a medication that would alter the surface receptor, fill in the surface receptor or inhibits the viral surface protein all together. D. Offer 2 examples of drugs used to control viral infections (specify virus) and how do they work on different targets. Ans:…arrow_forwardA person is infected with HIV. The individual is treated with several drugs, including azidothymidine (AZT). Which of the following is the most immediate effect of this drug? O It inhibits formation of the capsid. O It does not allow the viral genome to become integrated into the host genome. O It allows reverse transcriptase to proofread, and this will allow successful treatment with a vaccine. O It does not allow the virus to make a DNA copy of its genome.arrow_forward
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