INTRODUCTORY STATISTICS (LOOSELEAF)
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9780135163146
Author: Gould
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 1, Problem 54SE
Autism and MMR Vaccine An article by Wakefield et al. in the British medical journal Lancet claimed that autism was caused by the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. This vaccine is typically given to children twice, at about the age of 1 and again at about 4 years of age. In the article 12 children with autism who had all received the vaccines shortly before developing autism were studied. The article was later retracted by Lancet because the conclusions were not justified by the design of the study.
Can you conclude that the MMR vaccine causes Autism from this study? Explain why Lancet might have felt that the conclusions (MMR causes autism) were not justified by listing potential flaws in the study, as described above. (Source: A. J. Wakefield et al., “Ileal lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children.” Lancet, vol. 351 (February 1998): 637-641)
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Mammography and clinical breast examination are the two major techniques used to screen
for breast cancer. However, as true for any screening test, they are not completely accurate.
If it is determined, based on mammographic findings, that there is a possibility of breast
cancer, this is usually confirmed or disconfirmed by a subsequent biopsy. A false positive test
is a mammogram positive test that is disconfirmed by biopsy. The data in Table 1 were
reported in a paper concerning breast cancer screening (Elmore, et al, New England Journal
of Medicine 1998; 338(16): 1089-1096).
Table 1 False positive breast cancer screening tests over a 10-year period
# Screening tests
# False positive tests
9762
631
1. Another aspect of mammographic screening is the presence of false negatives. A false negative
is a screen negative woman who has breast cancer.
False negatives usually occur because the tumors are small and hard to detect. It is estimated
that among women with breast cancer, 2% of all…
Mammography and clinical breast examination are the two major techniques used to screen
for breast cancer. However, as true for any screening test, they are not completely accurate.
If it is determined, based on mammographic findings, that there is a possibility of breast
cancer, this is usually confirmed or disconfirmed by a subsequent biopsy. A false positive test
is a mammogram positive test that is disconfirmed by biopsy. The data in Table 1 were
reported in a paper concerning breast cancer screening (Elmore, et al, New England Journal
of Medicine 1998; 338(16): 1089-1096).
Table 1 False positive breast cancer screening tests over a 10-year period
# Screening tests
# False positive tests
9762
631
1. Suppose that 5% of all mammograms are obtained from women who truly have breast cancer.
What is the proportion of mammograms that will yield test positive results?
Hint: Subdivide the probability of a test positive mammogram into two mutually exclusive
components of {test positive…
Mammography and clinical breast examination are the two major techniques used to screen
for breast cancer. However, as true for any screening test, they are not completely accurate.
If it is determined, based on mammographic findings, that there is a possibility of breast
cancer, this is usually confirmed or disconfirmed by a subsequent biopsy. A false positive test
is a mammogram positive test that is disconfirmed by biopsy. The data in Table 1 were
reported in a paper concerning breast cancer screening (Elmore, et al, New England Journal
of Medicine 1998; 338(16): 1089-1096).
Table 1 False positive breast cancer screening tests over a 10-year period
# Screening tests
# False positive tests
9762
631
1. Suppose 10 women are given mammograms. What is the probability that at least 1 woman will
have a false positive test?
Chapter 1 Solutions
INTRODUCTORY STATISTICS (LOOSELEAF)
Ch. 1 - The data in Table 1A were collected from one of...Ch. 1 - The data in Table 1A were collected from one of...Ch. 1 - The data in Table 1A were collected from one of...Ch. 1 - The data in Table 1A were collected from one of...Ch. 1 - The data in Table 1A were collected from one of...Ch. 1 - The data in Table 1A were collected from one of...Ch. 1 - The data in Table 1A were collected from one of...Ch. 1 - Coding Suppose you decided to code living...Ch. 1 - The data in Table 1A were collected from one of...Ch. 1 - Coding Students who have accumulated fewer than 30...
Ch. 1 - Facebook Wall Posts (Example 2) A student shared...Ch. 1 - Age of Marriage A student did a survey on the age...Ch. 1 - Snacks Emmanuel, a student at a Los Angeles high...Ch. 1 - Movies A sample of students were questioned to...Ch. 1 - Use the data in Table 1A to answer questions 1.15...Ch. 1 - Use the data in Table 1A to answer questions 1.15...Ch. 1 - Use the data in Table 1A to answer questions 1.15...Ch. 1 - Use the data in Table 1A to answer questions 1.15...Ch. 1 - Investigating Data (Example 4) A data set on Shark...Ch. 1 - Investigating Data Suppose a surfer wanted to...Ch. 1 - Hands (Example 5) A survey was done of men’s and...Ch. 1 - Hands-Biased A survey was done of men’s and...Ch. 1 - Finding and Using Percentages a. A statistics...Ch. 1 - Finding and Using Percentages a. A hospital...Ch. 1 - Women Find the frequency, proportion, and...Ch. 1 - Brown-Haired People Find the frequency,...Ch. 1 - Two-Way Table from Data Make a two-way table from...Ch. 1 - Two-Way Table from Data Make a two-way table from...Ch. 1 - Occupation Growth (Example 6) The 2017 World...Ch. 1 - Chocolate Sales The 2017 World Almanac and Book of...Ch. 1 - Incarceration Rates (Example 7) The table gives...Ch. 1 - Population Density The accompanying table gives...Ch. 1 - Health Insurance The accompanying table gives the...Ch. 1 - Cable TV Subscriptions The accompanying table...Ch. 1 - Percentage of Elderly The projected U.S....Ch. 1 - Marriage and Divorce The marriage and divorce...Ch. 1 - Course Enrollment Rates Two sections of statistics...Ch. 1 - Prob. 38SECh. 1 - For Exercises 1.39 through 1.44, indicate whether...Ch. 1 - For Exercises 1.39 through 1.44, indicate whether...Ch. 1 - For Exercises 1.39 through 1.44, indicate whether...Ch. 1 - For Exercises 1.39 through 1.44, indicate whether...Ch. 1 - For Exercises 1.39 through 1.44, indicate whether...Ch. 1 - For Exercises 1.39 through 1.44, indicate whether...Ch. 1 - Vitamin C and Cancer The blog NHS Choices...Ch. 1 - Aloe Vera You can find many testimonials on the...Ch. 1 - Effects of Tutoring on Math Grades (Example 8) A...Ch. 1 - Treating Depression A doctor who believes strongly...Ch. 1 - Try Exercise and Language Learning (Example 9) In...Ch. 1 - Pneumonia Vaccine for Young Children A study...Ch. 1 - Does Fish Oil Lower Asthma Risk? The New England...Ch. 1 - Association between Glycemic Load and Acne? An...Ch. 1 - Milk and Cartilage (Example 10) Cartilage is a...Ch. 1 - Autism and MMR Vaccine An article by Wakefield et...Ch. 1 - Prob. 55SECh. 1 - Effect of Confederates on Compliance A study was...Ch. 1 - A Salad a Day Keeps Stroke Away? The Harvard Heart...Ch. 1 - Does Drinking Sugary Beverages Lead to Dementia?...Ch. 1 - Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Young Children...Ch. 1 - Prob. 60CRECh. 1 - Speeding Tickets College students who were drivers...Ch. 1 - Prob. 62CRECh. 1 - Writing: Vitamin D Describe the design of a...Ch. 1 - Writing: Strokes People who have had strokes are...Ch. 1 - Yoga and High-Risk Adolescents Can mindful yoga...Ch. 1 - Neurofeedback and ADHD Some studies have indicated...Ch. 1 - Virtual Reality and Fall Risk A study was...Ch. 1 - Ear Infections Babies 6 to 23 months of age with...Ch. 1 - Effects of Light Exposure A study carried out by...Ch. 1 - Scared Straight The idea of sending delinquents to...
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