Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The ground state configuration of germanium atom has to be predicted.
Concept introduction:
Electronic configuration: The electron configuration is the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule in atomic or molecular orbitals.
Electrons occupy the lowest energy orbitals. The increasing order of orbital energy is s, p, d and f. The lowest energy orbital is ls.
The energy order of the orbital for the first three periods is as follows,
ls, 2s, 2p, 3s, and 3p.
The orbital which is closer to the nucleus has lower energy; therefore the 2s is lower in energy than 3s. Accordingly 2s is lower in energy than 2p and 4s is lower in energy than 3d.
In general, the orbitals can hold maximum of two electrons, the two electrons must have opposite spin.
The subshell ordering by Aufbau principle is given below,
ls, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p, 8s, ...
(a)
Explanation of Solution
The electronic configuration is depends on the electrons in the atom. The germanium atom has 32 electrons.
The subshell ordering by Aufbau principle is given below;
ls, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p, 8s, ...
Therefore ground state electronic configuration of germanium atom is ls2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p2 (32 electrons).
Germanium belongs to Period 4 and Group 14. It has a argon core with an additional fourteen valence electrons.
The electronic configuration also can be written as follows,
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2.
(b)
Interpretation:
The ground state configuration of cesium atom has to be predicted.
Concept introduction:
Refer to part (a).
(b)
Explanation of Solution
The electronic configuration is depends on the electrons in the atom. The cesium atom has 55 electrons.
The subshell ordering by Aufbau principle is given below;
ls, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p, 8s, ...
Therefore ground state electronic configuration of cesium atom is ls2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s1 (55 electrons).
Cesium belongs to Period 6 and Group 1. It has a xenon core with one additional valence electron.
The electronic configuration also can be written as follows,
[Xe] 6s1.
(c)
Interpretation:
The ground state configuration of iridium atom has to be predicted.
Concept introduction:
Refer to part (a).
(c)
Explanation of Solution
The electronic configuration is depends on the electrons in the atom. The iridium atom has 77 electrons.
The subshell ordering by Aufbau principle is given below;
ls, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p, 8s, ...
Therefore ground state electronic configuration of iridium atom is ls2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5 d7 (77 electrons).
It has a xenon core with twenty three additional valence electrons.
The electronic configuration also can be written as follows,
[Xe] 4f14 5 d7 6s2 .
(d)
Interpretation:
The ground state configuration of tellurium atom has to be predicted.
Concept introduction:
Refer to part (a).
(d)
Explanation of Solution
The electronic configuration is depends on the electrons in the atom. The tellurium atom has 52 electrons.
The subshell ordering by Aufbau principle is given below;
ls, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p, 8s, ...
Therefore ground state electronic configuration of tellurium atom is ls2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p4 (52 electrons).
Tellurium belongs to Period 5 and Group 16. It has krypton core with seventeen additional valence electrons.
The electronic configuration also can be written as follows,
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p4.
(e)
Interpretation:
The ground state configuration of thallium atom has to be predicted.
Concept introduction:
Refer to part (a).
(e)
Explanation of Solution
The electronic configuration is depends on the electrons in the atom. The thallium atom has 81 electrons.
The subshell ordering by Aufbau principle is given below;
ls, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p, 8s, ...
Therefore ground state electronic configuration of thallium atom is ls2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p1 (81 electrons).
Thallium belongs to Period 6 and Group 13. It has xenon core with twenty additional valence electrons.
The electronic configuration also can be written as follows,
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1.
(f)
Interpretation:
The ground state configuration of plutonium atom has to be predicted.
Concept introduction:
Refer to part (a).
(f)
Explanation of Solution
The electronic configuration is depends on the electrons in the atom. The plutonium atom has 94 electrons.
The subshell ordering by Aufbau principle is given below;
ls, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p, 8s, ...
Therefore ground state electronic configuration of plutonium atom is ls2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f6 (94 electrons).
Plutonium has radon core with eighteen additional valence electrons.
The electronic configuration also can be written as follows,
[Rn] 5f6 7s2.
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Chapter 1 Solutions
ACHIEVE/CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES ACCESS 1TERM
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