(a) Interpretation: All valid resonance contributors for the given ion are to be drawn using curved arrows to indicate which pairs of electrons are being shifted. Concept introduction: Resonance structure exists in species for which there are two or more valid Lewis structures. Resonance structures are imaginary; true species is represented by the resonance hybrid. Resonance structures differ only in the placement of their valence electrons, not their atoms. For a species, each valid Lewis structure is called a “resonance structure” or a “resonance contributor.” Resonance structures are drawn using curved arrows. The arrow points to the center of an existing bond to represent the formation of a new double/triple bond. A resonance structure can be drawn if a lone pair of electrons on an atom is adjacent with multiple bonds or an incomplete octet on an atom is adjacent to multiple bonds or there is a ring of alternating single and double bonds.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 1, Problem 1.80P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

All valid resonance contributors for the given ion are to be drawn using curved arrows to indicate which pairs of electrons are being shifted.

Concept introduction:

Resonance structure exists in species for which there are two or more valid Lewis structures. Resonance structures are imaginary; true species is represented by the resonance hybrid. Resonance structures differ only in the placement of their valence electrons, not their atoms. For a species, each valid Lewis structure is called a “resonance structure” or a “resonance contributor.” Resonance structures are drawn using curved arrows. The arrow points to the center of an existing bond to represent the formation of a new double/triple bond. A resonance structure can be drawn if a lone pair of electrons on an atom is adjacent with multiple bonds or an incomplete octet on an atom is adjacent to multiple bonds or there is a ring of alternating single and double bonds.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Resonance hybrid for the given anion is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

For a species, each valid Lewis structure is called a “resonance structure” or a “resonance contributor.” A resonance hybrid is a weighted average of all resonance contributors. A partial bond is represented in a resonance hybrid by a dashed line connecting the two atoms.

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(a 4 shows scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of extruded actions of packing bed for two capillary columns of different diameters, al 750 (bottom image) and b) 30-μm-i.d. Both columns are packed with the same stationary phase, spherical particles with 1-um diameter. A) When the columns were prepared, the figure shows that the column with the larger diameter has more packing irregularities. Explain this observation. B) Predict what affect this should have on band broadening and discuss your prediction using the van Deemter terms. C) Does this figure support your explanations in application question 33? Explain why or why not and make any changes in your answers in light of this figure. Figure 4 SEM images of sections of packed columns for a) 750 and b) 30-um-i.d. capillary columns.³

fcrip = ↓ bandwidth Il temp 32. What impact (increase, decrease, or no change) does each of the following conditions have on the individual components of the van Deemter equation and consequently, band broadening? Increase temperature Longer column Using a gas mobile phase instead of liquid Smaller particle stationary phase Multiple Paths Diffusion Mass Transfer

34. Figure 3 shows Van Deemter plots for a solute molecule using different column inner diameters (i.d.). A) Predict whether decreasing the column inner diameters increase or decrease bandwidth. B) Predict which van Deemter equation coefficient (A, B, or C) has the greatest effect on increasing or decreasing bandwidth as a function of i.d. and justify your answer. Figure 3 Van Deemter plots for hydroquinone using different column inner diameters (i.d. in μm). The data was obtained from liquid chromatography experiments using fused-silica capillary columns packed with 1.0-μm particles. 35 20 H(um) 큰 20 15 90 0+ 1500 100 75 550 01 02 594 05 μ(cm/sec) 30 15 10

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 1, Problem 1.80P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

All valid resonance contributors for the given ion are to be drawn using curved arrows to indicate which pairs of electrons are being shifted.

Concept introduction:

Resonance structure exists in species for which there are two or more valid Lewis structures. Resonance structures are imaginary; true species is represented by the resonance hybrid. Resonance structures differ only in the placement of their valence electrons, not their atoms. For a species, each valid Lewis structure is called a “resonance structure” or a “resonance contributor.” Resonance structures are drawn using curved arrows. The arrow points to the center of an existing bond to represent the formation of a new double/triple bond. A resonance structure can be drawn if a lone pair of electrons on an atom is adjacent with multiple bonds or an incomplete octet on an atom is adjacent to multiple bonds or there is a ring of alternating single and double bonds.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Resonance hybrid for the given anion is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

For a species, each valid Lewis structure is called a “resonance structure” or a “resonance contributor.” A resonance hybrid is a weighted average of all resonance contributors. A partial bond is represented in a resonance hybrid by a dashed line connecting the two atoms.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 1, Problem 1.80P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

All valid resonance contributors for the given ion are to be drawn using curved arrows to indicate which pairs of electrons are being shifted.

Concept introduction:

Resonance structure exists in species for which there are two or more valid Lewis structures. Resonance structures are imaginary; true species is represented by the resonance hybrid. Resonance structures differ only in the placement of their valence electrons, not their atoms. For a species, each valid Lewis structure is called a “resonance structure” or a “resonance contributor.” Resonance structures are drawn using curved arrows. The arrow points to the center of an existing bond to represent the formation of a new double/triple bond. A resonance structure can be drawn if a lone pair of electrons on an atom is adjacent with multiple bonds or an incomplete octet on an atom is adjacent to multiple bonds or there is a ring of alternating single and double bonds.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Resonance hybrid for the given anion is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

For a species, each valid Lewis structure is called a “resonance structure” or a “resonance contributor.” A resonance hybrid is a weighted average of all resonance contributors. A partial bond is represented in a resonance hybrid by a dashed line connecting the two atoms.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 1, Problem 1.80P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

All valid resonance contributors for the given ion are to be drawn using curved arrows to indicate which pairs of electrons are being shifted.

Concept introduction:

Resonance structure exists in species for which there are two or more valid Lewis structures. Resonance structures are imaginary; true species is represented by the resonance hybrid. Resonance structures differ only in the placement of their valence electrons, not their atoms. For a species, each valid Lewis structure is called a “resonance structure” or a “resonance contributor.” Resonance structures are drawn using curved arrows. The arrow points to the center of an existing bond to represent the formation of a new double/triple bond. A resonance structure can be drawn if a lone pair of electrons on an atom is adjacent with multiple bonds or an incomplete octet on an atom is adjacent to multiple bonds or there is a ring of alternating single and double bonds.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Resonance hybrid for the given anion is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

For a species, each valid Lewis structure is called a “resonance structure” or a “resonance contributor.” A resonance hybrid is a weighted average of all resonance contributors. A partial bond is represented in a resonance hybrid by a dashed line connecting the two atoms.

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Answer 5

Chapter 1, Problem 1.80P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

All valid resonance contributors for the given ion are to be drawn using curved arrows to indicate which pairs of electrons are being shifted.

Concept introduction:

Resonance structure exists in species for which there are two or more valid Lewis structures. Resonance structures are imaginary; true species is represented by the resonance hybrid. Resonance structures differ only in the placement of their valence electrons, not their atoms. For a species, each valid Lewis structure is called a “resonance structure” or a “resonance contributor.” Resonance structures are drawn using curved arrows. The arrow points to the center of an existing bond to represent the formation of a new double/triple bond. A resonance structure can be drawn if a lone pair of electrons on an atom is adjacent with multiple bonds or an incomplete octet on an atom is adjacent to multiple bonds or there is a ring of alternating single and double bonds.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Resonance hybrid for the given anion is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

For a species, each valid Lewis structure is called a “resonance structure” or a “resonance contributor.” A resonance hybrid is a weighted average of all resonance contributors. A partial bond is represented in a resonance hybrid by a dashed line connecting the two atoms.

Answer 6

Chapter 1, Problem 1.80P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

All valid resonance contributors for the given ion are to be drawn using curved arrows to indicate which pairs of electrons are being shifted.

Concept introduction:

Resonance structure exists in species for which there are two or more valid Lewis structures. Resonance structures are imaginary; true species is represented by the resonance hybrid. Resonance structures differ only in the placement of their valence electrons, not their atoms. For a species, each valid Lewis structure is called a “resonance structure” or a “resonance contributor.” Resonance structures are drawn using curved arrows. The arrow points to the center of an existing bond to represent the formation of a new double/triple bond. A resonance structure can be drawn if a lone pair of electrons on an atom is adjacent with multiple bonds or an incomplete octet on an atom is adjacent to multiple bonds or there is a ring of alternating single and double bonds.

Answer 7

Chapter 1, Problem 1.80P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

All valid resonance contributors for the given ion are to be drawn using curved arrows to indicate which pairs of electrons are being shifted.

Concept introduction:

Resonance structure exists in species for which there are two or more valid Lewis structures. Resonance structures are imaginary; true species is represented by the resonance hybrid. Resonance structures differ only in the placement of their valence electrons, not their atoms. For a species, each valid Lewis structure is called a “resonance structure” or a “resonance contributor.” Resonance structures are drawn using curved arrows. The arrow points to the center of an existing bond to represent the formation of a new double/triple bond. A resonance structure can be drawn if a lone pair of electrons on an atom is adjacent with multiple bonds or an incomplete octet on an atom is adjacent to multiple bonds or there is a ring of alternating single and double bonds.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Resonance hybrid for the given anion is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

For a species, each valid Lewis structure is called a “resonance structure” or a “resonance contributor.” A resonance hybrid is a weighted average of all resonance contributors. A partial bond is represented in a resonance hybrid by a dashed line connecting the two atoms.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Resonance hybrid for the given anion is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

For a species, each valid Lewis structure is called a “resonance structure” or a “resonance contributor.” A resonance hybrid is a weighted average of all resonance contributors. A partial bond is represented in a resonance hybrid by a dashed line connecting the two atoms.

Answer 10

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Answer 11

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Answer 12

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Answer 13

Ch. 1 - Prob. 1.1P Ch. 1 - Prob. 1.2P Ch. 1 - Prob. 1.3P Ch. 1 - Prob. 1.4P Ch. 1 - Prob. 1.5P Ch. 1 - Prob. 1.6P Ch. 1 - Prob. 1.7P Ch. 1 - Prob. 1.8P Ch. 1 - Prob. 1.9P Ch. 1 - Prob. 1.10P

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