### Understanding G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs)#### Question:When activated extracellularly, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) initiate which of the following? (Select all that apply)#### Options:- [ ] a G protein signaling mechanism inside the cell.- [ ] A G protein signaling mechanism outside the cell.- [ ] Transporters to uptake degraded neurotransmitters for recycling.- [ ] The release of neurotransmitter molecules into the postsynaptic cell.### Explanation of Terms:**G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs):**GPCRs are a large family of cell surface receptors that respond to a variety of external signals and activate intracellular G proteins, which in turn trigger various signaling pathways inside the cell.**Signaling Mechanism:**This refers to the process by which GPCRs convey the signal from the outside of the cell to the inside, usually by activating G proteins.### Answer and Explanation:The correct option(s) will be marked once you understand that GPCRs primarily initiate intracellular signaling mechanisms. Note that:- GPCR activation leads to a signaling cascade inside the cell, not outside.- GPCRs are not directly responsible for the uptake of neurotransmitters or the release of neurotransmitter molecules.This question tests knowledge of cellular signaling pathways, specifically the role of GPCRs in initiating intracellular processes.

Introduction: G-proteins referred to as guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, that are required for…

Answered: When activated extracellularly, G…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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Except for?, all of the following signals may trigger receptor conformational changes without reaching the plasma membrane. o a. Receptors for steroid hormones. Tyrosine kinase receptors are a kind of receptor that binds to tyrosine phosphatase. Voltage-gated ion channels (OC). G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs).
Can you please describe the role of G proteins in ligand-activated cellular signal transduction.
Intracellular signaling pathways provide multiple opportunities for the amplification of a response to an extracellular signal. Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a True False
In terms of cell communication, compare and contrast the action of hydrophilic versus hydrophobic ligands (signaling molecules). What type of receptor is used by these ligands? How does each type of ligand influence cell activity?
Hormones are chemical signaling molecules produced by specialized cells and transmitted via the circulatory system to all other cells in the body. Which of the following describes a condition that needs to be met for a target cell to re- ceive the signaling molecules? A B с D The size and shape of the target cell needs to be similar to that of the cell that secreted the hormone. The location of the target cell needs to be within the local region of the cell that secreted the hormone. The target cell needs to have sufficient ATP to transport the hormone into the cell. The cytosol of the target cell has to have receptors that recognize and bind the hormone.
A hormone epinephrine binds to G-protein coupled receptor and activate multiple signaling pathways to induce "fight- or-flight" response. In these signaling pathways, which enzyme is responsible for the generation of IP3, a second messenger for calcium release from endoplasmic reticulum? O adenylyl cyclase O protein kinase C O protein kinase A O phospholipase C O calmodulin
A signaling molecule M is active when it is phosphorylated (M-P). The M-P has downstream target molecules in nucleus. Provide a possible mechanism by which M does its job
Which of the following statements about the role of ATP in cell signalling is correct? Choose only the best answer. All of the other options are correct. ATP functions as a secondary messenger. ATP is involved in the activation of G protein-coupled receptors. ATP is involved in the activation of some proteins that serve as relay molecules.
Explain how an indirect neurotransmitter receptor mechanism (like A-G linked receptor) conduct cell signaling?
Which of the following statements most accurately describes what happens when an antagonist binds to a receptor? The antagonist binds non-covalently to the receptor and promotes internalisation of the receptor. Antagonist binding alters the structure of the receptor making it unable to function normally. At sufficiently high concentrations the antagonist can prevent the receptor from binding to its natural (endogenous) ligand. The antagonist-receptor complex binds to a heterotrimeric G protein forming a stable and inactive ternary complex.
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If a cell wants to directly affect transcription of genes by utilizing cell signaling which of the following molecules would a cell use in order to do this? O polar / charged signaling molecules steroid signaling molecules O protein signaling molecules O large hydrophilic signaling molecules

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