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vels of awareness. Mental frames are important in decision making not only by simplifying he chaotic situation that the agent faces, but also by defining the problem itsel rubaker, Loveman, and Stamatov (2004) suggest that "cognitive perspectives an not things in the world but ways of seeing the world". Kahneman and Tvers 979) incorporate framing as an essential part of their prospect theory, whe wey distinguish two discrete phases in a decision-making process: a phase ming, editing and analysis, followed by a phase of evaluation of the vario ospects Later studies (Tversky and Kahneman, 1981; 1986) have documents ge and systematic changes in an individual's preference caused by variations of the available options in terms of gains and losses.

vels of awareness. Mental frames are important in decision making not only by simplifying he chaotic situation that the agent faces, but also by defining the problem itsel rubaker, Loveman, and Stamatov (2004) suggest that "cognitive perspectives an not things in the world but ways of seeing the world". Kahneman and Tvers 979) incorporate framing as an essential part of their prospect theory, whe wey distinguish two discrete phases in a decision-making process: a phase ming, editing and analysis, followed by a phase of evaluation of the vario ospects Later studies (Tversky and Kahneman, 1981; 1986) have documents ge and systematic changes in an individual's preference caused by variations of the available options in terms of gains and losses.

Ciccarelli: Psychology_5 (5th Edition)
Ciccarelli: Psychology_5 (5th Edition)
5th Edition
ISBN:9780134477961
Author:Saundra K. Ciccarelli, J. Noland White
Publisher:Saundra K. Ciccarelli, J. Noland White
Chapter1: The Science Of Psychology
Section: Chapter Questions
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would otherwise be a meaningless aspect of the scene into something that is and label a seemingly infinite number of concrete occurrences... rendering what meaninghal" Citlin (1980) suggests that "Frames are principles of selection, emphasis, and presentation composed of little tacit theories about what exists, what happens, and what matters" Shon (1983) describes framing as a mental device that sets the boundaries of our attention while Ahn and Ergin (2006) model frames in terms of different levels of awareness. Mental frames are important in decision making not only by simplifying the chaotic situation that the agent faces, but also by defining the problem itself. Brubaker, Loveman, and Stamatov (2004) suggest that "cognitive perspectives are not things in the world but ways of seeing the world". Kahneman and Iversky (1979) incorporate framing as an essential part of their prospect theory, where they distinguish two discrete phases in a decision-making process: a phase of framing, editing and analysis, followed by a phase of evaluation of the various prospects. Later studies (Tversky and Kahneman, 1981; 1986) have documented large and systematic changes in an individual's preference caused by variations in the framing of the available options in terms of gains and losses. Individuals use frames to simplify the interconnections in their environment In that sense, framing acts similar to a model is an attempt to simplify complex issues. Consequently, a mental frame carries along the shortcomings of theoretical models - its deduction results in high efficiency in decision making since the agent uses mental shortcuts and rules of thumb instead of considering all possible relations; however, it also results in a major drawback since anything what is lett out of the frame is ignored. A basic notion underlying much of the literature on heuristics is that these mental shortcuts are many times systematically biased (Kahneman, et. al. 2000). Mental frame is a frame through which we view the world. We attend to what is inside our frame, oblivious sometimes to what occurs outside our frames, which can lead to dangerous blind spots. Frames can be useful insofar as they direct our attention toward the information we seek. But they can also constrict peripheral vision, keeping us from noticing important information and, perhaps opportunities. Once liberating, mental models can become shackles. 134
Transcribed Image Text:would otherwise be a meaningless aspect of the scene into something that is and label a seemingly infinite number of concrete occurrences... rendering what meaninghal" Citlin (1980) suggests that "Frames are principles of selection, emphasis, and presentation composed of little tacit theories about what exists, what happens, and what matters" Shon (1983) describes framing as a mental device that sets the boundaries of our attention while Ahn and Ergin (2006) model frames in terms of different levels of awareness. Mental frames are important in decision making not only by simplifying the chaotic situation that the agent faces, but also by defining the problem itself. Brubaker, Loveman, and Stamatov (2004) suggest that "cognitive perspectives are not things in the world but ways of seeing the world". Kahneman and Iversky (1979) incorporate framing as an essential part of their prospect theory, where they distinguish two discrete phases in a decision-making process: a phase of framing, editing and analysis, followed by a phase of evaluation of the various prospects. Later studies (Tversky and Kahneman, 1981; 1986) have documented large and systematic changes in an individual's preference caused by variations in the framing of the available options in terms of gains and losses. Individuals use frames to simplify the interconnections in their environment In that sense, framing acts similar to a model is an attempt to simplify complex issues. Consequently, a mental frame carries along the shortcomings of theoretical models - its deduction results in high efficiency in decision making since the agent uses mental shortcuts and rules of thumb instead of considering all possible relations; however, it also results in a major drawback since anything what is lett out of the frame is ignored. A basic notion underlying much of the literature on heuristics is that these mental shortcuts are many times systematically biased (Kahneman, et. al. 2000). Mental frame is a frame through which we view the world. We attend to what is inside our frame, oblivious sometimes to what occurs outside our frames, which can lead to dangerous blind spots. Frames can be useful insofar as they direct our attention toward the information we seek. But they can also constrict peripheral vision, keeping us from noticing important information and, perhaps opportunities. Once liberating, mental models can become shackles. 134
LESSON 3 Mental Frames introduction To put theories or mental models to work, we use an approach referred to as systems thinking. While strategic thinking involves consideration of the big picture, systems thinking begins when we consider a real-world phenomenon and seek to understand the cause and effect relationships characteristic of a "system." A systems thinker wonders how an organization works, looking at the parts as dynamic aspects of the whole. It is the interrelationships of the elements of an organization that interests the systems thinker. The Mental Frames Organization leaders use mental frames to simplify the world they are observing and to make the decision-making process more efficient. Under normal conditions, mental frames are generally very useful. Mental framing is a selective, reductive excessively narrow way by which a question or information used to take a decision is expressed, presented, worded, formulated, categorized, and pictured. A framing is done by the agent itself who designates his selective perceptions and representations of realities and issues and by the advisors or third parties who feed the agent with a selective formulation that disseminates their own picture of things Example, 50 pesos a day seems less costly than 18000 pesos a month; Saying "there is 50% chance of success" instead of "50% chances to fail" could change a decision (the famous half-full or half-empty glass a common expression, generally used rhetorically to indicate that a particular situation could be a cause for optimism (half full) or pessimism (half empty), or as a general litmus test to simply determine an individual's worldview). and bogus information or knowledge that sneakily infiltrated the memory at one Some framing is due to pure reasoning errors, logical fallacies, confusions, time or another. Then, the decisions use mixed up or misunderstood notions or Framing is the process of understanding and interpreting a particular event. at least social ones and our subjective involvement in them". Frames are the Coffman (1974) defines frames as "principles of organization which govern events "schemata of interpretation" that allow individuals "to locate, perceive, identify, 133
Transcribed Image Text:LESSON 3 Mental Frames introduction To put theories or mental models to work, we use an approach referred to as systems thinking. While strategic thinking involves consideration of the big picture, systems thinking begins when we consider a real-world phenomenon and seek to understand the cause and effect relationships characteristic of a "system." A systems thinker wonders how an organization works, looking at the parts as dynamic aspects of the whole. It is the interrelationships of the elements of an organization that interests the systems thinker. The Mental Frames Organization leaders use mental frames to simplify the world they are observing and to make the decision-making process more efficient. Under normal conditions, mental frames are generally very useful. Mental framing is a selective, reductive excessively narrow way by which a question or information used to take a decision is expressed, presented, worded, formulated, categorized, and pictured. A framing is done by the agent itself who designates his selective perceptions and representations of realities and issues and by the advisors or third parties who feed the agent with a selective formulation that disseminates their own picture of things Example, 50 pesos a day seems less costly than 18000 pesos a month; Saying "there is 50% chance of success" instead of "50% chances to fail" could change a decision (the famous half-full or half-empty glass a common expression, generally used rhetorically to indicate that a particular situation could be a cause for optimism (half full) or pessimism (half empty), or as a general litmus test to simply determine an individual's worldview). and bogus information or knowledge that sneakily infiltrated the memory at one Some framing is due to pure reasoning errors, logical fallacies, confusions, time or another. Then, the decisions use mixed up or misunderstood notions or Framing is the process of understanding and interpreting a particular event. at least social ones and our subjective involvement in them". Frames are the Coffman (1974) defines frames as "principles of organization which govern events "schemata of interpretation" that allow individuals "to locate, perceive, identify, 133
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