Us History 2 Document 1 “Much of the blame heaped on the captains of industry in the late 19th century is unwarranted. Although people like Rockefeller used methods that were ethically questionable, the kind of monopolistic control that they exercised was a natural response to the cutthroat competition of the period and reflected the trend toward business consolidation in all industrial nations. The captains of industry like Rockefeller who were innovators, thinkers, planners, and bold entrepreneurs who imposed upon American industry a more rational and efficient pattern. They also created a model of philanthropy for all to follow. Had it not been for these captains of industry, the free world might have lost the first world war, and most certainly have lost the second.” Document 2 Source: Andrew Carnegie, Wealth and Its Uses (1907) “It will be a great mistake for the community to shoot the millionaires, for they are the bees that make the most honey, and contribute most the the hive even after they have gorged themselves full.” “While the law (of competition) may be sometimes hard for the individual, it is best for the race, because it insures the survival of the fittest in every department. We accept and welcome, therefore, as conditions to which we must accommodate ourselves, great inequality of environment, the concentration of business, industrial and commercial, in the hands of the few, and the law of competition between these, as being not only beneficial, but essential for the future progress of the race.” Source: Andrew Carnegie, The Gospel of Wealth (1889) “Thus the problem of Rich and Poor to be solved. The laws of accumulation will be left free; the laws of distribution free. Individualism will continue, but the millionaire will be a trustee for the poor; entrusted for a season with a great part of the increased wealth of the community, but administering it for the community far better than it could or would have done itself”. Document 3 1. After his retirement, Andrew Carnegie donated most of his money (over $350 million) to establish libraries, schools, and universities, as well as a pension fund for former employees. _________ 2. In 1901, J. P. Morgan’s U.S. Steel was the first billion‐dollar company in the world with an authorized capitalization of $1.2 billion. The size and productivity of U.S. Steel allowed the U.S. to compete globally against countries such as Britain and Germany. _________ 3. In response to a strike at Andrew Carnegie’s Homestead, Pennsylvania steel plant in 1892, Carnegie and Henry Clay Frick hired Pinkerton detectives to protect strikebreakers brought in to work in the place of striking workers. Ten men were killed and hundreds injured in an attempt to break the strike. _________ 4. In 1895, at the depths of the Panic of 193, J.P. Morgan loaned the U.S. Treasury $65 million in gold, to safeguard the collapse of the U.S. government. __________ 5. The steamboat and railroad tycoon, Cornelius Vanderbilt continuously cut shipping rates to the point that other steamboat and railroad companies could not compete and were forced out of business. _________ 6.The entrepreneur James J. Hill often donated seed, grain and cattle to farmers who had been affected by drought and depression. ________ 7. John D. Rockefeller often resorted to using spies and extortion to influence railroads to work in his favor by offering him kickbacks and rebates that were denied to his competitors. ________ 8. In 1869, Jay Gould and Jim Fisk cornered the gold market by bribing the U.S. Treasury Secretary into not releasing gold into circulation, which drove up the price of gold which Gould and Fisk were hoarding. _______ 9. By 1890, the richest nine percent of Americans held 75 percent of the nation’s wealth. The average yearly income for a worker was $380. Andrew Carnegie had a yearly income of $25 million by 1900. ________ 10. Between 1860 and 1890, the U.S. Patent Office issued over 400,000 patents. The technological innovation and applied science promoted by entrepreneurs brought about many inventions still in use today. _______ Document 4 Background Essay: Captains of Industry or Robber Barons? During the post‐Civil War period, an era commonly referred to as the Gilded Age, the economy of the United States grew at a fantastic rate. With the exception of a recession during the mid‐1870s, and another during the mid‐1890s, the economic growth was unprecedented in United States history. Manufacturing output increased by 180%. Railroads, an important catalyst of growth, increased in miles by 113 percent. Steel production grew to over 10,000,000 tons per year by 1900. Every aspect of the American economy expanded from traditional activities to new enterprises brought about by the huge influx of cutting‐edge technological inventions. The gross national product almost doubled during the period and the per capita GNP increased by 35 percent. Wages matured by 20 percent, and a new American middle class emerged for the first time in the history of the United States. Cities grew during this period, as people moved from rural areas and immigrants arrived from around the world to work in the ever‐expanding factories. The population of Chicago, for example, multiplied from 30,000 people in 1850, to over 1,700,000 by 1900. The population of New York City increased during the same period from just over 500,000 to over 3,000,000. Birmingham, Alabama emerged in 1871 as a new city built upon the thriving steel industry. Electricity began to light and power the industrial cities with the patenting of the dynamo. Skyscrapers emerged to change the landscape of the American city. Farsighted, shrewd, and enterprising businessmen are often credited with bringing about the economic prosperity of the period. The steelmaker Andrew Carnegie, the banker J. P. Morgan, the oilman John D. Rockefeller, and the railroad magnates Jay Gould and Cornelius Vanderbilt top the list of a group of industrialists often identified as the “captains of industry” who had the vision and invested the time and effort to grow the economy. Not everyone at the time had a favorable view of these entrepreneurs. In an effort to create monopolies, corner markets, and increase profits, these men often resorted to rather unscrupulous tactics. These methods included manipulating the stock market, bribing politicians and officeholders, and ruining competitors. Consumer prices rose as the trusts held by these men came to control entire industries. Workers were treated badly by the capitalists and their management organizations. Workers were often forbidden to strike, paid very low wages, and forced to work very long hours. Working conditions in both factories and mines were deplorable. Housing for the working class was crowded and sub-standard. Child labor made up over five percent of the national labor force. These tactics soon led to the businessmen being labeled as “robber barons”. By the early twentieth century, the richest nine percent of Americans controlled 75 percent of the national wealth. The number of millionaires increased from 390, to over 4,000. Yet, working families were forced to rely on two, three, and sometimes four incomes, just to make ends meet. To the poor, the working class, the reformers, and the consumers, the Gilded Age was not so golden. Still, the businessmen of the period felt justified in their actions, as the United States became the world’s leading industrial power, with the U.S. producing as much as Germany, Great Britain, and France combined. Examine the documents that follow and determine for yourself if these men were Captains of Industry, or Robber Barons. 1. Based on the documents Why are American businesses leaders of the mid-late 1800’s considered Robber barons? Support each reason with cited evidence from the documents

Us History 2 Document 1 “Much of the blame heaped on the captains of industry in the late 19th century is unwarranted. Although people like Rockefeller used methods that were ethically questionable, the kind of monopolistic control that they exercised was a natural response to the cutthroat competition of the period and reflected the trend toward business consolidation in all industrial nations. The captains of industry like Rockefeller who were innovators, thinkers, planners, and bold entrepreneurs who imposed upon American industry a more rational and efficient pattern. They also created a model of philanthropy for all to follow. Had it not been for these captains of industry, the free world might have lost the first world war, and most certainly have lost the second.” Document 2 Source: Andrew Carnegie, Wealth and Its Uses (1907) “It will be a great mistake for the community to shoot the millionaires, for they are the bees that make the most honey, and contribute most the the hive even after they have gorged themselves full.” “While the law (of competition) may be sometimes hard for the individual, it is best for the race, because it insures the survival of the fittest in every department. We accept and welcome, therefore, as conditions to which we must accommodate ourselves, great inequality of environment, the concentration of business, industrial and commercial, in the hands of the few, and the law of competition between these, as being not only beneficial, but essential for the future progress of the race.” Source: Andrew Carnegie, The Gospel of Wealth (1889) “Thus the problem of Rich and Poor to be solved. The laws of accumulation will be left free; the laws of distribution free. Individualism will continue, but the millionaire will be a trustee for the poor; entrusted for a season with a great part of the increased wealth of the community, but administering it for the community far better than it could or would have done itself”. Document 3 1. After his retirement, Andrew Carnegie donated most of his money (over $350 million) to establish libraries, schools, and universities, as well as a pension fund for former employees. _________ 2. In 1901, J. P. Morgan’s U.S. Steel was the first billion‐dollar company in the world with an authorized capitalization of $1.2 billion. The size and productivity of U.S. Steel allowed the U.S. to compete globally against countries such as Britain and Germany. _________ 3. In response to a strike at Andrew Carnegie’s Homestead, Pennsylvania steel plant in 1892, Carnegie and Henry Clay Frick hired Pinkerton detectives to protect strikebreakers brought in to work in the place of striking workers. Ten men were killed and hundreds injured in an attempt to break the strike. _________ 4. In 1895, at the depths of the Panic of 193, J.P. Morgan loaned the U.S. Treasury $65 million in gold, to safeguard the collapse of the U.S. government. __________ 5. The steamboat and railroad tycoon, Cornelius Vanderbilt continuously cut shipping rates to the point that other steamboat and railroad companies could not compete and were forced out of business. _________ 6.The entrepreneur James J. Hill often donated seed, grain and cattle to farmers who had been affected by drought and depression. ________ 7. John D. Rockefeller often resorted to using spies and extortion to influence railroads to work in his favor by offering him kickbacks and rebates that were denied to his competitors. ________ 8. In 1869, Jay Gould and Jim Fisk cornered the gold market by bribing the U.S. Treasury Secretary into not releasing gold into circulation, which drove up the price of gold which Gould and Fisk were hoarding. _______ 9. By 1890, the richest nine percent of Americans held 75 percent of the nation’s wealth. The average yearly income for a worker was $380. Andrew Carnegie had a yearly income of $25 million by 1900. ________ 10. Between 1860 and 1890, the U.S. Patent Office issued over 400,000 patents. The technological innovation and applied science promoted by entrepreneurs brought about many inventions still in use today. _______ Document 4 Background Essay: Captains of Industry or Robber Barons? During the post‐Civil War period, an era commonly referred to as the Gilded Age, the economy of the United States grew at a fantastic rate. With the exception of a recession during the mid‐1870s, and another during the mid‐1890s, the economic growth was unprecedented in United States history. Manufacturing output increased by 180%. Railroads, an important catalyst of growth, increased in miles by 113 percent. Steel production grew to over 10,000,000 tons per year by 1900. Every aspect of the American economy expanded from traditional activities to new enterprises brought about by the huge influx of cutting‐edge technological inventions. The gross national product almost doubled during the period and the per capita GNP increased by 35 percent. Wages matured by 20 percent, and a new American middle class emerged for the first time in the history of the United States. Cities grew during this period, as people moved from rural areas and immigrants arrived from around the world to work in the ever‐expanding factories. The population of Chicago, for example, multiplied from 30,000 people in 1850, to over 1,700,000 by 1900. The population of New York City increased during the same period from just over 500,000 to over 3,000,000. Birmingham, Alabama emerged in 1871 as a new city built upon the thriving steel industry. Electricity began to light and power the industrial cities with the patenting of the dynamo. Skyscrapers emerged to change the landscape of the American city. Farsighted, shrewd, and enterprising businessmen are often credited with bringing about the economic prosperity of the period. The steelmaker Andrew Carnegie, the banker J. P. Morgan, the oilman John D. Rockefeller, and the railroad magnates Jay Gould and Cornelius Vanderbilt top the list of a group of industrialists often identified as the “captains of industry” who had the vision and invested the time and effort to grow the economy. Not everyone at the time had a favorable view of these entrepreneurs. In an effort to create monopolies, corner markets, and increase profits, these men often resorted to rather unscrupulous tactics. These methods included manipulating the stock market, bribing politicians and officeholders, and ruining competitors. Consumer prices rose as the trusts held by these men came to control entire industries. Workers were treated badly by the capitalists and their management organizations. Workers were often forbidden to strike, paid very low wages, and forced to work very long hours. Working conditions in both factories and mines were deplorable. Housing for the working class was crowded and sub-standard. Child labor made up over five percent of the national labor force. These tactics soon led to the businessmen being labeled as “robber barons”. By the early twentieth century, the richest nine percent of Americans controlled 75 percent of the national wealth. The number of millionaires increased from 390, to over 4,000. Yet, working families were forced to rely on two, three, and sometimes four incomes, just to make ends meet. To the poor, the working class, the reformers, and the consumers, the Gilded Age was not so golden. Still, the businessmen of the period felt justified in their actions, as the United States became the world’s leading industrial power, with the U.S. producing as much as Germany, Great Britain, and France combined. Examine the documents that follow and determine for yourself if these men were Captains of Industry, or Robber Barons. 1. Based on the documents Why are American businesses leaders of the mid-late 1800’s considered Robber barons? Support each reason with cited evidence from the documents