The movement of which two ions is responsible for maintaining the plateau phase of the action potential of contractile cardiac muscle cells? Select one: a. Ca2+ and Na+ b. Ca2+ and K+ c. Na+ and Cl- d. Na+ and K+ e. K+ and Cl-
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The movement of which two ions is responsible for maintaining the plateau phase of the action potential of contractile cardiac muscle cells?
Ca2+ and Na+
Ca2+ and K+
Na+ and Cl-
Na+ and K+
K+ and Cl-
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- Which of the following statements about Ca2+ handling in cardiac contractile cells is FALSE? a. One Ca2+ spark is sufficient to cause cross bridge cycling b. When Ca2+ ions flow out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and into the cytosol, they create a Ca2+ spark c. Ca2+ released from the SR provides ~80% of the Ca2+ needed for muscle contraction d. Summed Ca2+ sparks from different RyR channels create a Ca2+ signal sufficient to cause cross bridge cycling e. Ca2+ sparks can be visualised using biochemical methodswhy are cardiac muscle cells affected by hyperkalemia? A. All choices below are correct B. Resting membrane potential becomes less negative C. Voltage across the cardiac muscle cell cannot be maintained D. The cardiac muscle cell cannot respond to a nerve stimulusCells in the body have the ability to undergo a transiet depolarization and repolarization. A. Plot the action potential of non-pacemaker cardiac myocyte and indicate what kinds of ion channels involved in each phase and compare ion movement during a myocardial cell's action potential to ion movement of a neuron's action potential. B.Explain why contractions in the cardiac muscle cells are different to skeletal muscle cells.
- Which of the following is true of propagation of longitudinal electrical flow in cardiac muscle. A. Current flows longitudinally from a region of depolarization through ryanodine receptors. B. Longitudinal current flows through inward rectifier potassium channels. C. This current can be detected at the body surface, if the source is large enough. D. A and B. E. All are true.the opening of what channel will cause the plateau phase of an action potential of ventricular contractile muscle cells a. t type calcium channels b. voltage gated potassium channels c. voltage gated sodium channels d. l type calcium channelsWhich statement about activation of heart muscle cells is TRUE? A when a person is resting only a few small motor units in each ventricle are activated in each heartbeat B all of the muscle cells in the ventricles depolarize and contract together because they are connected by gap junctions C motor neurons must synapse with all of the muscle cells in the ventricles at the same time or fibrillation will occur D all of the heart muscle cells have unstable resting membrane potenitals and slowly depolarize to threshold at the same rate
- The pacemaker cardiac muscle cells rely on ______________ for their action potentials. a. Na+ leak channels and fast voltage-gated Na+ channels b. Ca+2 leak channels and slow voltage-gated Ca+2 channels c. Na+ leak channels and fast voltage-gated Ca+2 channels d. Ca+2 leak channels and fast voltage-gated Ca+2 channelsAcetylcholine reacting with a muscarinic receptor on a cardiac myocyte causes chloride to flow, or an: A. Action potential B. IPSP C. EPSP D. None of the above.Ventricular cardiomyocytes under sympathetic drive during a bout of exercise... a. Would collectively make more force than at rest due to recruitment of more cardiomyocytes b. Would relax faster due to phosphorylation of the cardiac ryanodine receptors c. Would pump out more SV despite a decrease in EDV d. Would show an increased rate of myosin ATPase activity due to phosphorylation of the calcium ATPase pumps e. Would have elevated levels of cAMP and kinase activity
- Which of the following is true about the pacemaker potential in the heart? a. Decreased K+ efflux causes the resting membrane potential to increase b. Action potential occurs when T-type Ca2+ channels open c. Only the SA node in the heart has a pacemaker potential d. The atrioventricular node is needed to pace the sinoatrial node e. None of the options are trueWhat is the consequence of the prolonged plateau of depolarization in ventricular myocytes? a-it causes ventricular myocytes to contract for a longer time, allowing the ventricles time to empty b-it gives additional time for the atria to contract, filling the ventricles more completely c-it causes repolarization to be delayed which slows heart rate d-it allows the ventricles a moment to rest before completing contractiona calcium channel blocker or an antagonist drug will produce a. vasoconstriction b. increase in blood pressure c. increase in total peripheral resistance d. reduction in cardiac muscle contractility