Answered: When you are cold, your blood vessels…

When you are cold, your blood vessels contract. However, your heart rate and blood pressure increases. Explain. What is the physiological function of increasing heart rate?

Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap Course List)

9th Edition

ISBN:9781285866932

Author:Lauralee Sherwood

Publisher:Lauralee Sherwood

Chapter9: Cardiac Physiology

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 16RE

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Concept explainers

Muscle Action

A change in the body or a bodily organ as a result of its functioning is referred to as an action. Muscle action can be defined as the specific movement of a bodily part generated by the contraction of a muscle. The muscle proteins actin and myosin are the important contractile proteins involved in muscle action. Muscle contraction, in addition to movement, serves several other important functions in the body, including posture, heat generation, and joint stability. Muscle contraction maintains posture, which includes standing and sitting.

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When you are cold, your blood vessels contract. However, your heart rate and blood pressure increases. Explain. What is the physiological function of increasing heart rate?

Expert Solution

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When the temperature increases or decreases beyond the set point of the body there is a physiological control that occurs in the form of negative feedback that brings the temperature of the body back to normal.

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Why, in physiological terms, does heart rate increase during exercise? Discuss contributions from the nervous and endocrine systems.
Which of the following statements best describes the differences in the regulation of cardiac and skeletal muscle contraction? The amount of contractile force actively generated by muscle cells is increased by stretch in skeletal muscle and decreased by stretch in cardiac muscle. Cardiac muscle is stimulated by motor neurons and skeletal muscle by neurones from the autonomic nervous system. Skeletal muscle contractile force is augmented by increasing the firing frequency of action potentials whereas cardiac muscle contractile force is enhanced by noradrenaline increasing calcium influx through ion channels. Ryanodine receptors in skeletal muscle are opened by a mechanism that requires calcium influx whereas in cardiac muscle membrane depolarisation alone without calcium influx is sufficient to open ryanodine receptors.
Below are drawings of three different action potentials. Two of these occur in the heart, and one occurs in skeletal muscle. Which one comes from a contractile cardiac muscle cell? A skeletal muscle cell? A cardiac pacemaker cell? For each one, state which ion is responsible for the depolarization phase and which ion is responsible for the repolarization phase.
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The muscle cells of a heart chamber work as a functional syncytium. In terms of heart function this means... A) All the cardiac muscle cells are controlled by one motor neuron, resulting in coordinated contraction. B) All the cardiac muscle cells are electrically connected by gap junctions, resulting in coordinated contraction. C) All the cardiac muscle cells are stimulated to contract by hormone release, resulting in near-coordinated contraction. D) All the cardiac muscle cells contract independently of each other (fibrillation).
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