The following table shows the marginal costs for each of four firms (A, B, C, and D) to eliminate units of pollution from their production processes. For example, for Firm A to eliminate one unit of pollution, it would cost $54, and for Firm A to eliminate a second unit of pollution it would cost an additional $67.
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- In the film, The Dark Water 2019, Ducont a huge chemical firm dumps it's waste in air, land and water knowing it's has harmful effects to humans and animal. In reference to the firm answer the set of questions below: (a) What is the cause of the externality in the 2019 film The Dark Water? Determine whether the Coase theorem applies in the film, if not, what results in the theorem breaking down?Imagine a firm's marginal abatement cost function with existing technologies is: MAC = 30 – 2E. If the firm adopts new pollution abatement technologies, its marginal abatement cost function will be: MAC = 15 – E. With a tax on emissions of $6, the benefits of adopting the new technologies are $_ Answer:Consider regions A and B. In region A, the marginal benefit associated with pollution cleanup is MB = 300 – 10Q, while in region B, the marginal benefit associated with pollution cleanup is MB = 200 – 4Q. Suppose that the marginal cost of cleanup is constant at $12 per What is the optimal level of pollution cleanup in each of the two regions?
- Consider a lake found in the town of Center Barnstead, and then answer the questions that follow. The town has a campground whose visitors use the lake for recreation. The town also has a fish cannery that dumps industrial waste into the lake. This pollutes the lake and makes it a less desirable vacation destination. That is, the fish cannery's waste decreases the campground's economic profit. Suppose that the fish cannery could use a different production method that involves recycling water. This would reduce the pollution in the lake to levels safe for recreation, and the campground would no longer be affected. If the fish cannery uses the recycling method, then the fish cannery's economic profit is $1,500 per week, and the campground's economic profit is $1,800 per week. If the fish cannery does not use the recycling method, then the fish cannery's economic profit is $2,000 per week, and the campground's economic profit is $1,000 per week. These figures are summarized…Two firms can reduce emissions at the marginal costs: MC1 = $12Q1 and MC2 = $4Q2, where Q1, and Q2 are the amount of emissions reduced by the first and second firms. Assume that with no control at all, each firm would be emitting 40 units of emissions (for aggregate emissions of 80 tons). a. Illustrate MC1 and MC2 on the graph. b. Find total costs for two firms with the tax. Hint. [Compute control cost with the tax that each firm will have to pay for the reduction of emission in b. and tax payments for the remaining emission.There is another entire part of this lesson. Complete the following table with the action each firm will take at this permit price, the amount of pollution each firm will eliminate, and the amount it costs each firm to reduce pollution to the necessary level. If a firm is willing to buy two permits, assume that it buys one permit from each of the other firms. (Hint: Do not include the prices paid for permits in the cost of reducing pollution.) Firm Initial Pollution Permit Allocation Action Final Amount of Pollution Eliminated Cost of Pollution Reduction (Units of pollution) (Units of pollution) (Dollars) Firm A 2 Firm B 2 Firm C 2
- According to the graph below, which amount represents the most efficient level of pollution that needs to be controlled? Marginal Cost (dollars per unit) SO A-O B-O B-A Marginal Control Cost None of the above Total Total Damage Control Cost Cost Marginal Damage Cost B Quantity of Pollution Emitted (units)Lecture: Externality - Pigou8. All-Leather is a tanning company located on Lake Michigan in Chicago. Its total cost functionis C(QA) = 125 + 8QA + 5QA2, where QA is leather production per week in thousands of pounds.a) If leather sells for $408 per thousand pounds, how much leather will All-Leather produce?How much profit does All-leather earn?Enjoy is a beverage company located on Lake Michigan near All-Leather in Chicago. Enjoy’sproduction of beverages is negatively affected by water pollution from All-Leather’s productionof leather. Enjoy’s total cost function to produce beverages isC(QE) = 10QE +3QE2 + 3QA2where QE is Enjoy’s weekly production of beverages, in thousandsof gallons and, as above, QA is All-Leather’s weekly production of leather.b) Is this an example of a pecuniary externality or a real externality? Explain.c) What is the extra cost to Enjoy from an additional thousand tons of leather production by AllLeather (i.e., the external marginal cost of an extra unit of QA…See below for three parts of Scenario 2 Scenario 2A. There are three firms, A;B; and C that produce electricity. The first two firms have the same per-megawatt cost of production equal to $2, while firm C has a per-megawatt cost of $1. The firms differ, however, in their pollution. Firms A;B; and C produce respectively 1, 2, and 3 cubic feet of carbon monoxide per megawatt produced. A cubic foot of carbon monoxide pollutes the environment, and has a social cost of $2.5. The demand for electricity is represented by the inverse demand function P (Mw) =100 - Mw, where Mw represents the megawatts consumed by the public. Suppose firms are not held accountable for the pollution they produce. Scenario 2B. Suppose now that the government can measure the amount of pollution issued by each firm, and suppose that the government constrains each firm to emit no more than 9 cubic feet of carbon monoxide. Scenario 2C Suppose that government allows firms to trade their permits to emit carbon…
- A steel plant causes about 100 tons of pollution to be released for every 100 tons of steel. Every ton of pollution causes $4 worth of damage to the local town. The MC(Q)=27Q, What is the SMC(Q) for steel? O SMC(Q)=27Q+ 4Q O SMC(Q)=27Q+ 400 O SMC(Q)=27Q+ 4 O SMC(Q)=27Q+ 400QImagine a firm’s marginal abatement cost function with existing technologies is: MAC = 12 – E. If the firm adopts new pollution abatement technologies, its marginal abatement cost function will be: MAC = 6 – 0.5E. The adoption costs for the new technology are $6. If the government raises the tax on emissions from $2 to $4, the firm's total costs increase by $_____. HINT: Total costs include tax payments, total abatement costs, and (if relevant) adoption costs for the new technology. Select one: a. $12. b. $8. c. $10. d. $16.Complete the following Exercises. Use complete sentences. Consider two firms who each release 10 units of pollution initially, for a total of 20 units. Their supply curves for abatement are given below. These supply curves measure the marginal cost of abatement, or the cost of cleaning up each unit of pollution. For example, it costs firm 1 $40 to clean up (or abate) the 1st unit, $80 to clean up the 2nd unit, and so forth. Supply of Abatement UnitFirm 1Firm 2 1$ 40$ 36 2$80$56 3$120$76 4$160$96 5$200$116 6$240$136 7$280$156 8$320$176 9$360$196 10$400 $216 A.) Assume that the damages from the pollution are an external cost from the standpoint of the two firms. How many units will each abate? Why?Why are their marginal costs of abatement (supply curves) rising as they eliminate more pollution (i.e., as they get closer to zero units of pollution)? Now assume the Environmental Protection Agency has determined that the desired…