Can you explain why the following statement is false? The efficient level of a pollution-emitting activity (e.g., production of a good) is that at which the marginal external cost of pollution is equal to zero.
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Can you explain why the following statement is false?
- The efficient level of a pollution-emitting activity (e.g., production of a good) is that at which the marginal external cost of pollution is equal to zero.
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- Draw a standard supply and demand diagram for televisions, and indicate the equilibrium price and output. a. Assuming that the production of televisions generates external costs, illustrate the effect of the producers being forced to pay a tax equal to the external costs generated, and indicate the equilibrium output. b. If instead of generating external costs, television production generates external benefits, illustrate the effect of the producers being given a subsidy equal to the external benefits generated, and indicate the equilibrium output.Efficiency in the presence of externalities Air horns impose many external costs on society: the risk of being deafened, the annoyance of being awakened in the middle of the night, and so on. Therefore, the market equilibrium quantity of air horns is not equal to the socially optimal quantity. The following graph shows the demand for air horns (their private value), the supply of air horns (the private cost of producing them), and the social cost of air horns, including both the private cost and external costs. Use the black point (plus symbol) to indicate the market equilibrium quantity. Next, use the purple point (diamond symbol) to indicate the socially optimal quantity.Price SMC E PMC R B Demand Quantity Refer to the graph above. What area(s) represent(s) the victim's suffering if pollution permits (given for free to the firms) are implemented to fix the externality? Price SMC P1 Ps PMC P2 M. P. Demand Q2 → Quantity Qs Refer to the graph above. What area(s) represent(s) the victim's suffering if pollution permits (given for free to the firms) are implemented to fix the externality?
- Consider the market for paper. Suppose that a paper factory dumps toxic waste into a nearby river, creating a negative externality for those living downstream from the factory. Producing an additional ton of paper imposes a constant external cost of $105 per ton. The following graph shows the demand (private value) curve and the supply (private cost) curve for paper. Use the purple points (diamond symbol) to plot the social cost curve when the external cost is $105 per ton. The market equilibrium quantity is ___ tons of paper, but the socially optimal quantity of paper production is ___ tons. To create an incentive for the firm to produce the socially optimal quantity of paper, the government could impose a ___ of ___ per ton of paper.Consider the market for bolts. Suppose that a hardware factory dumps toxic waste into a nearby river, creating a negative externality for those living downstream from the factory. Producing an additional ton of bolts imposes a constant external cost of $175 per ton. The following graph shows the demand (private value) curve and the supply (private cost) curve for bolts. Use the purple points (diamond symbol) to plot the social cost curve when the external cost is $175 per ton. The market equilibrium quantity is tons of bolts, but the socially optimal quantity of bolt production is tons. To create an incentive for the firm to produce the socially optimal quantity of bolts, the government could impose a of per ton of bolts.The primary source of air pollution in the small town of Smokey, Nevada is a nearby steel mill. The local environmental agency has decided that the mill needs to reduce its emissions because the town's population is located directly downwind from it. Currently the agency is considering three different approaches to reducing pollution from the mill: a technology standard, an emission standard and an emission tax. Why might the owner of the mill prefer an emission standard to a technology standard that would produce the same level of emissions? a Because with emission standards the polluter is more flexible in selecting the technology that will minimize her abatement cost Ob. Because polluters usually try to stick to their existing technology O C. Because it has been proven to be easier to implement O d. Because polluters, as all producers are suspicious about new technologies
- Consider the market for bolts. Suppose that a hardware factory dumps toxic waste into a nearby river, creating a negative externality for those living downstream from the factory. Producing an additional ton of bolts imposes a constant external cost of $175 per ton. The following graph shows the demand (private value) curve and the supply (private cost) curve for bolts. Use the purple points (diamond symbol) to plot the social cost curve when the external cost is $175 per ton. 500 450 Social Cost 400 350 Supply 300 (Private Cost) 250 200 150 100 Demand 50 (Private Value) 2 4 6 7 QUANTITY (Tons of bolts) The market equilibrium quantity is tons of bolts, but the socially optimal quantity of bolt production is tons. To create an incentive for the firm to produce the socially optimal quantity of bolts, the government could impose a of $ per ton of bolts. PRICE (Dollars per ton of bolts)Macmillan Learning Pollution from bright city lights makes it nearly impossible to stargaze within a city setting. The supply and demand for electricity used in city lighting are shown in the graph. Suppose the marginal external cost for an additional kilowatt- hour (kWh) of electricity is 5 cents. Drag the endpoints of the blue line to draw in the marginal social cost (MSC) curve for electricity. Place the black dot at the point corresponding to the socially optimal quantity and price for electricity. Assume the government places an optimal Pigouvian tax on electricity used at night to reduce light pollution so that people can enjoy the stars. As a result of the Pigouvian tax, consumers pay a lower price for electricity and producers increase output. consumers pay a lower price for electricity and producers lower output. consumers pay a higher price for electricity and producers lower output. consumers pay a higher price for electricity at night and producers increase output. Price,…Consider the market for steel. Suppose that a steel manufacturing plant dumps toxic waste into a nearby river, creating a negative externality for those living downstream from the plant. Producing an additional ton of steel imposes a constant external cost of $210 per ton. The following graph shows the demand (private value) curve and the supply (private cost) curve for steel. Use the purple points (diamond symbol) to plot the social cost curve when the external cost is $210 per ton. 700 630 Social Cost 490 420 350 Supply (Private Cost) 200 Demand 210 (Private Value) 140 70 7. QUANTITY (Tons of steel) The market equilibrium quantity is tons of steel, but the socially optimal quantity of steel production is tons. To create an incentive for the firm to produce the socially optimal quantity of steel, the government could impose a per ton of steel. PRICE (Dollars per ton of steel)
- Consider the market for steel. Suppose that a steel manufacturing plant dumps toxic waste into a nearby river, creating a negative externality for those living downstream from the plant. Producing an additional ton of steel imposes a constant external cost of $525 per ton. The following graph shows the demand (private value) curve and the supply (private cost) curve for steel. Use the purple points (diamond symbol) to plot the social cost curve when the external cost is $525 per ton. 1500 1350 Social Cost 1200 1050 Supply (Private Cost) 1.5 900 750 2.5 600 450 300 3.5 Demand 150 (Private Value) 4 0. 4.5 0. 1 3. 4 QUANTITY (Tons of steel) 5.5 tons. The market equilibrium quantity is 3.5 tons of steel, but the socially optimal quantity of steel production is tax of $525 per ton To create an incentive for the firm to produce the socially optimal quantity of steel, the government could impose a of steel. 2. 3. 5, PRICE (Dollars per ton of steel)Consider the market for steel. Suppose that a steel manufacturing plant dumps toxic waste into a nearby river, creating a negative externality for those living downstream from the plant. Producing an additional ton of steel imposes a constant external cost of $165 per ton. The following graph shows the demand (private value) curve and the supply (private cost) curve for steel. Use the purple points (diamond symbol) to plot the social cost curve when the external cost is $165 per ton. 1100 990 Social Cost 880 770 Supply (Private Cost) 660 550 440 330 220 Demand 110 (Private Value) 1 2 4 7 QUANTITY (Tons of steel) PRICE (Dollars per ton of steel)Consider the market for steel. Suppose that a steel manufacturing plant dumps toxic waste into a nearby river, creating a negative externality for those living downstream from the plant. Producing an additional ton of steel imposes a constant external cost of $245 per ton. The following graph shows the demand (private value) curve and the supply (private cost) curve for steel. Use the purple points (diamond symbol) to plot the social cost curve when the external cost is $245 per ton. The market equilibrium quantity is _______ tons of steel, but the socially optimal quantity of steel production is _______ tons. To create an incentive for the firm to produce the socially optimal quantity of steel, the government could impose a ___subsidy or tax______ of ______ per ton of steel.
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