The entire mercury bulb of the thermometer must be below the level of the side arm in order to obtain an accurate reading of the distillation temperature. Why is this so? 2. Why is cold water circulated through the condenser from the bottom rather than from the top? 4. In most distillations, the total volume of liquid obtained (distillate + residue) is not equal to the volume of the mixture introduced into the flask. What are the possible sources of loss in this procedure?

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