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- ATP, like ADP and AMP, is a competitive inhibitor of NADH binding to malate dehydrogenase. Provide a structural explanation for this inhibition.Given what you know about the involvement of nicotinamide nucleotides inoxidative and reductive metabolic reactions, predict whether the followingintracellular concentration ratios should be 1, > 1, or < 1. Explain youranswers.(a) [NAD+] >[NADH](b) [NADP+] >[NADPH](c) Since NAD+ and NADP+ are essentially equivalent in their tendency to attract electrons, discuss how the two concentration ratios might bemaintained inside cells at greatly differing values.T The oxidation of malate by NAD to form oxaloacetate is a highly endergonic reaction under standard conditions. AG° = +29 kJ mol¯¹ (+7 kcal mol¯¹) Malate + NAD+ = oxaloacetate + NADH + H+ The reaction proceeds readily under physiological conditions. Why does the reaction proceed readily as written under physiological conditions? Endergonic reactions such as this occur spontaneously without the input of free energy. The steady-state concentrations of the products are low compared with those of the substrates. The reaction is pushed forward by the energetically favorable oxidation of fumarate to malate. O The NADH produced during glycolysis drives the reaction in the direction of malate oxidation. Assuming an [NAD* ]/[NADH] ratio of 8, a temperature of 25°C, and a pH of 7, what is the lowest [malate]/[oxaloacetate] ratio at which oxaloacetate can be formed from malate? [malate] [oxaloacetate] =
- Which of the following statements inaccurately describes glutamate dehydrogenase? Glutamate dehydrogenase uses either NAD+ or NADP+ in a redox reaction Glutamate dehydrogenase catalyzes an oxidative deamination reaction Glutamate dehydrogenase equilibrium lies with the reductive amination of glutamate Glutamate dehydrogenase utilizes hydrolysis to release ammonium from an imine intermediateOne process catalyzed by NADHNADH dehydrogenase is NADH+H^++ubiquinone ↽−−⇀ NAD+ubiquinolNADH+H^++ubiquinone ↽−−⇀ NAD^++ubiquinol The standard reduction potentials for the half‑reactions are given in the table. Oxidant Reductant ?′0 ubiquinone+2H++2e−ubiquinone+2H++2e^− ubiquinolubiquinol 0.045 NAD^++H^++2e−NAD^++H^++2e^− NADHNADH –0.32 Calculate Δ?′0 for the reaction as shown. Δ?′0=____(V) Calculate Δ?′0 . Δ?′0=____(kJ/mol)Normal carbonic anhydrase has zinc at its active site . Suggest a structural reason why carbonicanhydrase synthesized with Ni²⁺, Fe²⁺, or Mn²⁺ in place of Zn²⁺ gives an enzyme with less catalytic efficiency.
- In steroid synthesis, squalene is oxidizedto squalene epoxide. This reaction is somewhat unusual, in thatboth a reducing agent (NADPH) and an oxidizing agent (O2) arerequired. Why are both needed?In the beta oxidation of linoleic acid, converting the 3, 5, 8 trienoyl CoA intermediate back to an expected intermediate for a beta oxidation substrate costs the equivalent of how many ATPs? (hint: look at the 'right side' of the figure for addressing problem 3 with linoleic acid)The enzyme that catalyzes reaction below can be classified as: CoO COO NAD+ NADH + H* Но- | malate -C- H-Ć- dehydrogenase Охaloacetate Malate isomerase lyase hydrolase oxidoreductase ligase transferase
- Given what you know about the involvement of nicotinamide nucleotides in oxidative and reductive metabolic reactions, predict whether the following intracellular concentration ratios should be (1) unity, (2) greater than unity, or (3) less than unity. Explain your answers. (a) [NAD*]/[NADH] (b) [NADP*]/[NADPH] Because NAD* and NADP* are essentially equivalent in their ten- dency to attract electrons, discuss how the two concentration ratios might be maintained inside cells at greatly differing values.Show the complete reaction mechanism (including arrow pushing) for this reaction.Compare and contrast Pyruvate Dehydrogenase with a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenaseOutline the mechanisms of both enzymes. Discuss the functions of the coenzymes. List the similarities and the differences between the 2 enzymes. Both are very large membrane bound complexes. What are the advantages of this strategy?How detailed is the enzyme structure known below(It's Pyruvate Dehydrogenase )? What insight(s) does this structural detail give you about the enzyme mechanism.