5. Correcting for negative externalities - Regulation versus tradablepermitsSuppose the government wants to reduce the total pollution emitted by three local firms. Currently, each firm is creating 4 units of pollution in thearea, for a total of 12 pollution units. If the government wants to reduce total pollution in the area to 6 units, it can choose between the following twomethods:Available Methods to Reduce Pollution1. The government sets pollution standards using regulation.2. The government allocates tradable pollution permits.Each firm faces different costs, so reducing pollution is more difficult for some firms than others. The following table shows the cost each firm faces toeliminate each unit of pollution. For each firm, assume that the cost of reducing pollution to zero (that is, eliminating all 4 units of pollution) isprohibitively expensive.Cost of Eliminating the...First Unit of PollutionSecond Unit of PollutionThird Unit of PollutionFirm(Dollars)(Dollars)(Dollars)Firm X90125180Firm Y5570110Firm Z6508001,500 Meanwhile, the other employee proposes using a different strategy to achieve the government's goal of reducing pollution in the area from 12 units to6 units. This employee suggests that the government issue two pollution permits to each firm. For each permit a firm has in its possession, it can emit1 unit of pollution. Firms are free to trade pollution permits with one another (that is, buy and sell them) as long as both firms can agree on a price.For example, if firm X agrees to sell a permit to firm Y at an agreed-upon price, then firm Y would end up with three permits and would need to reduceits pollution by only 1 unit while firm X would end up with only one permit and would have to reduce its pollution by 3 units. Assume the negotiationand exchange of permits are costless.Because firm Z has high pollution-reduction costs, it thinks it might be better off buying a permit from firm Y and a permit from firm X so that itdoesn't have to reduce its own pollution emissions. At which of the following prices are both firm Y and firm X willing to sell one of their permits to firmZ? Check all that apply.O $109O $149O $170O $579O $787Suppose the the government has set the trading price of a permit at $498 per permit.Initial Pollution PermitFinal Amount of PollutionCost of PollutionAllocationEliminatedReductionFirm(Units of pollution)Action(Units of pollution)(Dollars)FirmFirmYFirm zRegulation Versus Tradable PermitsDétermine the total cost of eliminating six units of pollution using both methods, and enter the amounts in the following table. (Hint: You might needto get information from previous tasks to complete this table.)Total Cost of Eliminating Six Units of PollutionProposed Method(Dollars)RegulationTradable PermitsIn this case, you can conclude that eliminating pollution iscostly to society when the government distributes tradable permits than when itregulates each firm to eliminate a certain amount of pollution.

Method 1 Regulation:- Firm The first unit of production + The second unit of production…

Suppose the government wants to reduce the total pollution emitted by three local firms. Currently, each firm is creating 4 units of pollution in the area, for a total of 12 pollution units. If the government wants to reduce total pollution in the area to 6 units, it can choose between the following two methods: Available Methods to Reduce Pollution 1. The government sets pollution standards using regulation. 2. The government allocates tradable pollution permits. Each firm faces different costs, so reducing pollution is more difficult for some firms than others. The following table shows the cost each firm faces to eliminate each unit of pollution. For each firm, assume that the cost of reducing pollution to zero (that is, eliminating all 4 units of pollution) is prohibitively expensive. Cost of Eliminating the... First Unit of Pollution Second Unit of Pollution Third Unit of Pollution Firm (Dollars) (Dollars) (Dollars) Firm X 90 125 180 Firm Y 55 70 110 Firm z 650 800 1,500

Suppose the government wants to reduce the total pollution emitted by three local firms. Currently, each firm is creating 4 units of pollution in the area, for a total of 12 pollution units. If the government wants to reduce total pollution in the area to 6 units, it can choose between the following two methods: Available Methods to Reduce Pollution 1. The government sets pollution standards using regulation. 2. The government allocates tradable pollution permits. Each firm faces different costs, so reducing pollution is more difficult for some firms than others. The following table shows the cost each firm faces to eliminate each unit of pollution. For each firm, assume that the cost of reducing pollution to zero (that is, eliminating all 4 units of pollution) is prohibitively expensive. Cost of Eliminating the... First Unit of Pollution Second Unit of Pollution Third Unit of Pollution Firm (Dollars) (Dollars) (Dollars) Firm X 90 125 180 Firm Y 55 70 110 Firm z 650 800 1,500

ENGR.ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

14th Edition

ISBN:9780190931919

Author:NEWNAN

Publisher:NEWNAN

Chapter1: Making Economics Decisions

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1QTC

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A9
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Suppose a municipality votes to reduce the combined pollution introduced by three local companies. Presently, each firm creates 4 units of pollution in the area, for a total of 12 pollution units. The government can reduce total pollution in the area to 6 units by choosing between the following two methods: Methods to Reduce Pollution 1. The government imposes pollution standards using regulation. 2. The government issues tradable pollution permits. The costs faced by each firm are different, so it is more difficult for some firms to reduce pollution than others. The following table shows the cost faced by each firm to eliminate each unit of pollution. Assume that the cost of eliminating all 4 units of pollution (that is, reducing pollution to zero) is prohibitively expensive for all three firms. Firm Firm A Firm B Firm C First Unit of Pollution (Dollars) 130 600 90 Cost of Eliminating the... Second Unit of Pollution Third Unit of Pollution (Dollars) (Dollars) 165 220 750 1,200 115 140
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