Stephens, Atkins, and Kingston (2009) conducteda research study demonstrating that swearing can help reduce pain. In the study, each participant was asked to plunge a hand into icy water and keep it there as long as the pain would allow. In one condi- tion, the participants repeatedly yelled their favorite curse words while their hands were in the water. In the other condition the participants repeated a neu- tral word. Data similar to the results obtained in the study are shown in the following table. Calculate the mean number of seconds that the participants could tolerate the pain for each of the two treatment condi- tions. Does it appear that swearing helped with pain tolerance? ### Take Quiz#### Data:| 8 | 39 | 30 ||----|----|----|| 9 | 51 | 56 || 10 | 73 | 61 |---### EXPERIMENT 2For this question, you should use the data from chapter 3, page 86, question #26 on pain and swearing. Create an Excel file, enter the data, and perform the most appropriate hypothesis test including all the most relevant descriptive statistics. Test the hypothesis that swearing alters pain tolerance. You choose the alpha level and what tests to perform but ensure to justify your choices.---**Instructions:**1. **Enter the Data:** Input the data provided above into an Excel spreadsheet.2. **Select Hypothesis Test:** Choose an appropriate hypothesis test based on the data and the research question.3. **Descriptive Statistics:** Calculate and analyze relevant descriptive statistics to support your hypothesis test.4. **Test Hypothesis:** Examine if swearing affects pain tolerance. Justify the choice of alpha level and statistical tests.---*Develop a clear methodology for your analysis and provide a detailed report on your findings.* ### Swearing and Pain Tolerance Study**Stephens, Atkins, and Kingston (2009)** conducted a research study to demonstrate the potential pain-relieving effects of swearing. In this experiment, participants were asked to immerse a hand into icy water and keep it there for as long as they could tolerate the pain.### Study Design- **Condition 1**: Participants were instructed to repeatedly yell their favorite curse words while their hands were submerged in the icy water.- **Condition 2**: Participants were required to repeat a neutral word instead of swearing.The results of this study are summarized in the table below, representing the amount of time (in seconds) that each participant could endure the pain in both conditions.### Data Table| Participant | Swear Words | Neutral Words ||-------------|-------------|---------------|| 1 | 94 | 59 || 2 | 70 | 61 || 3 | 52 | 47 || 4 | 83 | 60 || 5 | 46 | 35 || 6 | 117 | 92 || 7 | 69 | 53 || 8 | 39 | 30 || 9 | 51 | 56 || 10 | 73 | 61 |### ActivityCalculate the mean number of seconds that the participants tolerated the pain for each of the two different conditions. Analyze the calculated means to determine whether swearing appears to help with pain tolerance.**Does swearing help with pain tolerance?** Compare the mean tolerance times between the two conditions to draw a conclusion based on these results.

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In order to determine whether swearing helped with pain tolerance, conduct a two mean comparison…

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Stephens, Atkins, and Kingston (2009) conducted
a research study demonstrating that swearing can help reduce pain. In the study, each participant was asked to plunge a hand into icy water and keep it there as long as the pain would allow. In one condi- tion, the participants repeatedly yelled their favorite curse words while their hands were in the water. In the other condition the participants repeated a neu- tral word. Data similar to the results obtained in the study are shown in the following table. Calculate the mean number of seconds that the participants could tolerate the pain for each of the two treatment condi- tions. Does it appear that swearing helped with pain tolerance?

### Swearing and Pain Tolerance Study

**Stephens, Atkins, and Kingston (2009)** conducted a research study to demonstrate the potential pain-relieving effects of swearing. In this experiment, participants were asked to immerse a hand into icy water and keep it there for as long as they could tolerate the pain.

### Study Design

- **Condition 1**: Participants were instructed to repeatedly yell their favorite curse words while their hands were submerged in the icy water.
- **Condition 2**: Participants were required to repeat a neutral word instead of swearing.

The results of this study are summarized in the table below, representing the amount of time (in seconds) that each participant could endure the pain in both conditions.

### Data Table

| Participant | Swear Words | Neutral Words |
|-------------|-------------|---------------|
| 1 | 94 | 59 |
| 2 | 70 | 61 |
| 3 | 52 | 47 |
| 4 | 83 | 60 |
| 5 | 46 | 35 |
| 6 | 117 | 92 |
| 7 | 69 | 53 |
| 8 | 39 | 30 |
| 9 | 51 | 56 |
| 10 | 73 | 61 |

### Activity

Calculate the mean number of seconds that the participants tolerated the pain for each of the two different conditions. Analyze the calculated means to determine whether swearing appears to help with pain tolerance.

**Does swearing help with pain tolerance?** Compare the mean tolerance times between the two conditions to draw a conclusion based on these results.

Definition Definition Measure of central tendency that is the average of a given data set. The mean value is evaluated as the quotient of the sum of all observations by the sample size. The mean, in contrast to a median, is affected by extreme values. Very large or very small values can distract the mean from the center of the data. Arithmetic mean: The most common type of mean is the arithmetic mean. It is evaluated using the formula: μ = 1 N ∑ i = 1 N x i Other types of means are the geometric mean, logarithmic mean, and harmonic mean. Geometric mean: The nth root of the product of n observations from a data set is defined as the geometric mean of the set: G = x 1 x 2 ... x n n Logarithmic mean: The difference of the natural logarithms of the two numbers, divided by the difference between the numbers is the logarithmic mean of the two numbers. The logarithmic mean is used particularly in heat transfer and mass transfer. ln x 2 − ln x 1 x 2 − x 1 Harmonic mean: The inverse of the arithmetic mean of the inverses of all the numbers in a data set is the harmonic mean of the data. 1 1 x 1 + 1 x 2 + ...

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