Some DNA vaccines use a brief and small electrical shock to get DNA in plasmids into cells. What advantage would there be in using DNA vaccines that consist of plasmids instead of just pieces of double-stranded DNA?
Molecular Techniques
Molecular techniques are methods employed in molecular biology, genetics, biochemistry, and biophysics to manipulate and analyze nucleic acids (deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)), protein, and lipids. Techniques in molecular biology are employed to investigate the molecular basis for biological activity. These techniques are used to analyze cellular properties, structures, and chemical reactions, with a focus on how certain molecules regulate cellular reactions and growth.
DNA Fingerprinting and Gel Electrophoresis
The genetic makeup of living organisms is shown by a technique known as DNA fingerprinting. The difference is the satellite region of DNA is shown by this process. Alex Jeffreys has invented the process of DNA fingerprinting in 1985. Any biological samples such as blood, hair, saliva, semen can be used for DNA fingerprinting. DNA fingerprinting is also known as DNA profiling or molecular fingerprinting.
Molecular Markers
A known DNA sequence or gene sequence is present on a chromosome, and it is associated with a specific trait or character. It is mainly used as a genetic marker of the molecular marker. The first genetic map was done in a fruit fly, using genes as the first marker. In two categories, molecular markers are classified, classical marker and a DNA marker. A molecular marker is also known as a genetic marker.
DNA Sequencing
The most important feature of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules are nucleotide sequences and the identification of genes and their activities. This the reason why scientists have been working to determine the sequences of pieces of DNA covered under the genomic field. The primary objective of the Human Genome Project was to determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human nuclear genome. DNA sequencing selectively eliminates the introns leading to only exome sequencing that allows proteins coding.
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Some DNA vaccines use a brief and small electrical shock to get DNA in plasmids into cells. What advantage would there be in using DNA vaccines that consist of plasmids instead of just pieces of double-stranded DNA?
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The new Covid19 vaccine produced by two companies (Pfizer, Moderna) uses mRNA coding for part of the spike protein of the virus. The virus uses the spike protein to invade human cells where it replicates. Is it surprising that the mRNA must be stabilized with chemicals that need ultra-cold or frozen storage to protect the mRNA from degradation before it causes human muscle cells to make the spike protein?
- Why not just inject the double-stranded cDNA that codes for the spike protein of the virus? What additional step or steps would you need to use to get the human muscle cells to produce the spike protein if the cDNA was injected to serve as the virus?
![(a) Lipid vesicle
DNA
Lipid
bilayer
(b) Electroporation
Ne N
Electrical
pulse
410
(e) Biolistic delivery
DNA-coated
particles
(d) Microinjection
(e) Virus infection
Figure 10-20
Introduction to Genetic Analysis, Twelfth Edition
O 2020 W. H. Freeman and Company](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F53c44266-5f67-4836-ad87-941379554a44%2Facbec51f-adb3-464a-9de5-d5d178706e06%2Fngjsoln_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
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