Shortly after a typical meal, your blood glucose will rise from its fasting levelof 4.4 mM to 6.6 mM.(a) How many grams of glucose does this increase represent? (An averageadult male weighing 70 kg has a blood volume of about 5 L.) (b) Estimate the change in velocity for the liver hexokinase isozyme (IV)and the muscle hexokinase isozyme (1) that the fasting versus fed glucoseconcentrations would produce.

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Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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Similar questions

Muscles may become hypoxic during the early stages of exercise, causing lactate to build up. a) Describe in detail how a lack of oxygen might cause lactate to build up in the muscles. b) Explain how lactate (typically thought of as a waste product) may be converted to glucose via gluconeogenesis.
How many ATPs could theoretically be formed from a glucosemolecule carried through aerobic respiration, and how many areprobably formed?
Acetylcholinesterase converts acetylcholine into acetate and choline . Like serine proteases, acetylcholinesterase is inhibited by DIPF. Propose a catalytic mechanism for acetylcholine digestion by acetylcholinesterase . Show the reaction as chemical structures.
Rat heart muscle operating aerobically fills more than 90% of its ATP needs by oxidative phosphorylation. If each gram of tissue consumes O2 at the rate of 12.0 micromol/min, with glucose as the fuel source. (a) Calculate the rate at which the heart muscle consumes glucose and produces ATP. (b) Consider an alternate scenario – what would be the rate of consumption if the energy source was a solely triglycerides whose fatty acyl chains were each 14-C in length and saturated? (Assume the O2 consumption rate remains at 12.0 micromol/min) (c) For a steady-state concentration of ATP of 6.0 micromol/g of heart muscle tissue, calculate the time required (in seconds) to completely turn over the cellular pool of ATP if glucose us used as the sole fuel source. What does this result indicate about the need for tight regulation of ATP production? (Note: Concentrations are expressed as micromoles per gram of muscle tissue because the tissue is mostly water.)
After prolonged exercise the body becomes depleted of glycogen. Which type of diet will lead to a quicker replenishment of muscle glycogen, a high fat, high protein diet or a high carbohydrate diet?Explain.
A. Energy is released in the process of lipid degradation. (i) Into which form is the fatty acid converted when it is transported across the inner membrane of mitochondria? (ii) Write an overall reaction for B-oxidation of a 22:0 fatty acid. (iii) Calculate the NET amount of ATP produced in (ii). Show your steps of calculation. B. Compare the mode transport of amino acids and fatty acids from the lumen of small intestine into the epithelial cells of villi. C. Briefly discuss why part of urea cycle takes place in mitochondria.
An explorer was found after being lost in the desert for months. He had eaten almost nothing during that time, but fortunately was able to find water to keep himself alive. Which of the following would you expect to be high in his blood? (a) Pyruvate kinase, pyruvate carboxylase (b) Glucose (c) Bicarbonate (d) Acetoacetate
The diabetic body's reliance on ketogenesis to provide energy due to the unavailability of glucose causes serious health and toxicity concerns in these individuals. 1) Describe the role of ketogenesis in diabetes, why the body elects this metabolic pathway, and its resultant benefits and consequences. 2) Describe the role of ketogenesis in a ketogenic diet, why this can be considered a desired metabolic state for individuals, and the benefits and consequences of ketogenesis in these intentional circumstances. Rationalize the differences between these two ketogenic instances.
Indicate whether each of the following statements is true or false, andbriefly explain your answer.(a) In general, the metabolic oxidation of protein in mammals is less efficient, in terms of energy conserved, than the metabolic oxidation ofcarbohydrate or fat.(b) Given that the nitrogen of glutamate can be redistributed by transamination, glutamate should be a good supplement for nutritionally poor proteins.(c) Arginine is a nonessential amino acid for mammals because the enzymes of arginine synthesis are abundant in liver.(d) Alanine is an essential amino acid because it is a constituent of everyprotein.
Many diabetics do not respond to insulin because of a deficiency of insulin receptors on their cells. How does this aff ect (a) the levels of circulating glucose immediately after a meal and (b) the rate of glycogen synthesis in muscle?
Name one reaction of glycolysis, one anaplerotic reaction, and one reaction of TCA cycle that acetyl-COA allostericqally regulates ( and declare whether it is an activator or inhibitor.)
For each fatty acid: [1] How many molecules of acetyl CoA are formed from complete catabolism? [2] How many cycles of ß-oxidation are needed for complete oxidation? a. oleic acid (C18H340₂) --- molecules of acetyl CoA [2] ___ cycles [1] b. erucic acid (C22H4202) molecules of acetyl CoA [2]___ cycles

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