Answered: People with type 2 diabetes have cells…

People with type 2 diabetes have cells that do not respond to insulin, explain the problem this causes and why that problem occurs

Essentials of Pharmacology for Health Professions

7th Edition

ISBN:9781305441620

Author:WOODROW

Publisher:WOODROW

Chapter25: Cardiovascular Drugs

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 21CRQ

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For our patient John with diabetes type II, he can make insulin but his body cells can be resistant to this insulin. Note: activated insulin receptors will activate glucose receptors. John takes a drug called metformin, in conjunction with regulating his diet and exercising. This drug has two main effects. First, it helps reduce hepatic (liver) production of glucose. Second, it helps cells become more sensitive to insulin. Explain how these two effects of metformin can help John.
People with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus are generally not ketosis prone. This is thought to be a result of: the lack of increase in glucagons in the se individuals the presence of insulin in the individuals their obesity the fact that, their blood glucose levels do not tend to rise significantly Metabolic actions of insulin include all of the following except: increased glycogenesis decreased gluconeogenesis increased basal metabolic rate increased skeletal muscle amino acid up-take all of the above are metabolic actions of insulin
A patient has an insulin sensitivity factor of 1 unit of insulin per 30 mg/dl over 110 mg/dl. If their blood glucose prior to a meal is 220 mg/dl, how much insulin do they need to inject? (round to the nearest unit)
Suppose you are an intern working in a small rural emergency room in Bumblescum, SC. Your hospital is short on nurses and you have to prepare IV fluids for all of your patients. One of your patients is suffering from an insulin overdose and you are trying to regulate her blood sugar back to normal. You decide to administer an intravenous drip of 5% dextrose over an extended period with monitoring. Normally IV bags containing 5% dextrose are available, but due the current healthcare crisis the hospital administrators have decided to order standard bags of 0.9% NaCl. This means you will need to remove a calculated volume of the 0.9% NaCl from the bag and add back the calculated volume of dextrose. A container of 50% dextrose is available in the ER stockroom. How much of the 50% dextrose should be added to the bag if the total IV bag volume will be 1000 mL and a 5% solution is desired?
This is a question assigned after reading the case study available here https://sciencecases.lib.buffalo.edu/files/statins.pdf HMG CoA reductase is activated by insulin signaling, and inhibited by glucagon signaling. Explain why insulin resistance and type II diabetes often are accompanied by elevated cholesterol levels.
There are two types of diabetes. Mention their symptoms and causes.
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT regarding Storage Instructions for Insulin (select all what applies): All unopened vials or pen devices should be stored in the refrigerator. Commercially available insulins are stable at room temperature for 28 days. Fibrils are insoluble precipitates of insulin aggregates that have the same biological activity. Storage of opened insulin vials at -20°C extends the expiration date to 4 months
Explain why type 1 diabetics require insulin injections, whereas insulin injections are effective in only a portion of type 2 diabetics.
The hormones insulin and glucagon play an important role in the regulation of plasma glucose. b) People with Type II diabetes mellitus can manage their condition (maintain adequate glycaemic control) through use of oral hypoglycaemic drugs. Provide a rationale for how two hypoglycaemic drugs, with different mechanisms of action, can both work to lower blood glucose levels in Type II diabetes.
If a healthy individual (without diabetes I or diabetes II) is given an insulin injection, what would be the potential outcome (select all that apply) blood glucose levels would decrease drastically glycogen storages in liver and muscle would increase glycogen storages in liver and muscle would decrease potential death due to hypoglycemia potential death to do hyperglycemia blood glucose levels would increase drastically
Discuss the pathology of a condition in which glucose regulation (in the blood and/or urine) presents problems for patients. What causes this condition? How is glucose monitoring accomplished, and how is it indicative of the patient's level of proper biological function? Explain on a cellular level how this glucose imbalance arises. Also explain the science behind the monitoring technique. Most importantly, what measures can be taken by patients to correct for this glucose imbalance in the long term? Why do these measures work?
Describe one insulin-mediated mechanism that normally increases glucose uptake into skeletal muscle and adipose tissue when blood glucose levels are high (but would not be operational in T1DM patients)