Part A: Which traits would be considered autapomorphies for the frogs? Part B: Name a symplesiomorphy that two or more of the frogs share. Which frogs share the trait? Part C: Are there any homoplasies based on your cladogram? Part D: What would be an example of a monophyletic grouping on your cladogram? Part E: What would be an example of a paraphyletic grouping on your cladogram? Part F: What would be an example of a polyphyletic grouping on your cladogram? Part G: Is there a polytomy on your cladogram?
Using the terms listed below, answer all the parts to this question regarding the cladogram for the frogs
Anatomy of a Cladogram
Sympleisiomorphies—shared ancestral states
Synapomorphies—shared, derived character states
Autapomorphies—unique, derived character states
Homoplasies—the result of parallel or convergent evolution where 2 or more organisms independently acquire the same character state (could be the result of a reversal—when, in a particular lineage, a character reverts from a derived back to an ancestral state). Similarity in appearance, but not origin.
Monophyletic group—group of all descendants of a common ancestor
Paraphyletic group—group of some, but not all, descendants of a common ancestor
Polyphyletic group – group of individuals that descend from more than one common ancestor
Polytomy—3 or more taxa emerging from a single node who do not share the most common ancestor
Homologies—Similarities resulting from descent from a common ancestor
Analogies - Similarities resulting from common function but not origin/ancestry
QUESTION:
Part A: Which traits would be considered autapomorphies for the frogs?
Part B: Name a symplesiomorphy that two or more of the frogs share. Which frogs share the
trait?
Part C: Are there any homoplasies based on your cladogram?
Part D: What would be an example of a monophyletic grouping on your cladogram?
Part E: What would be an example of a paraphyletic grouping on your cladogram?
Part F: What would be an example of a polyphyletic grouping on your cladogram?
Part G: Is there a polytomy on your cladogram?
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