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Only five general types of reactions are commonly observed in biochemical transformations. Given the proposed mechanism (illustrated above) for Class A β-lactamases, what is the biochemical reaction type represented by steps 1 and 2?

Only five general types of reactions are commonly observed in biochemical transformations. Given the proposed mechanism (illustrated above) for Class A β-lactamases, what is the biochemical reaction type represented by steps 1 and 2?

Biochemistry
Biochemistry
9th Edition
ISBN:9781319114671
Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.
Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.
Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science
Section: Chapter Questions
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Only five general types of reactions are commonly observed in biochemical transformations. Given the proposed mechanism (illustrated above) for Class A β-lactamases, what is the biochemical reaction type represented by steps 1 and 2?

### Reaction Types in Organic Chemistry - **Oxidation/Reduction** - **Carbonyl Condensation** - **α, β-Elimination** - **Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution** - **Nucleophilic Addition** This list represents different reaction mechanisms commonly studied in organic chemistry. Each term describes a specific process involving the structural conversion of organic molecules: 1. **Oxidation/Reduction**: Processes involving the transfer of electrons, where oxidation is the loss and reduction is the gain of electrons. 2. **Carbonyl Condensation**: Reactions where two carbonyl compounds combine, often forming a larger molecule and typically involving enolate ions. 3. **α, β-Elimination**: A reaction where two substituents are removed from a molecule, forming a double bond between the α and β carbon atoms. 4. **Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution**: A mechanism where a nucleophile replaces a leaving group in an acyl compound, often seen in carboxylic acid derivatives. 5. **Nucleophilic Addition**: Reactions where a nucleophile forms a bond with an electrophilic carbon, common in carbonyl compounds. This section aims to provide an overview of these fundamental reaction types for educational purposes.
Transcribed Image Text:### Reaction Types in Organic Chemistry - **Oxidation/Reduction** - **Carbonyl Condensation** - **α, β-Elimination** - **Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution** - **Nucleophilic Addition** This list represents different reaction mechanisms commonly studied in organic chemistry. Each term describes a specific process involving the structural conversion of organic molecules: 1. **Oxidation/Reduction**: Processes involving the transfer of electrons, where oxidation is the loss and reduction is the gain of electrons. 2. **Carbonyl Condensation**: Reactions where two carbonyl compounds combine, often forming a larger molecule and typically involving enolate ions. 3. **α, β-Elimination**: A reaction where two substituents are removed from a molecule, forming a double bond between the α and β carbon atoms. 4. **Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution**: A mechanism where a nucleophile replaces a leaving group in an acyl compound, often seen in carboxylic acid derivatives. 5. **Nucleophilic Addition**: Reactions where a nucleophile forms a bond with an electrophilic carbon, common in carbonyl compounds. This section aims to provide an overview of these fundamental reaction types for educational purposes.
**P. aeruginosa Resistance to β-lactam Antibiotics** The most alarming finding with this strain of *P. aeruginosa* is its newly acquired resistance to a wide range of β-lactam antibiotics. Bacterial resistance to β-lactams is derived from a class of enzymes known as β-lactamases. These enzymes hydrolyze the lactam ring of the antibiotic, rendering it useless. A typical mechanism for a Class A β-lactamase enzyme is illustrated below: **Mechanism Diagram Explanation:** - **Step 1:** The β-lactamase enzyme, specifically the serine residue (Ser-β-lactamase), attacks the carbonyl carbon of the β-lactam ring, resulting in the formation of a covalent acyl-enzyme intermediate. - **Step 2:** This step involves the acyl-enzyme intermediate where the β-lactam ring is now open, indicating the first stage of antibiotic inactivation. - **Step 3:** A water molecule (H2O) is introduced, which attacks the acyl-enzyme complex, facilitating the hydrolysis process. - **Step 4:** This step shows the breakdown of the acyl-enzyme intermediate, leading to the formation of the hydrolyzed, inactive product. - **Step 5:** Finally, the original enzyme is regenerated, ready to process additional antibiotic molecules. This enzymatic action effectively inactivates the antibiotic, contributing to the resistance of *P. aeruginosa*, posing significant challenges in clinical treatments.
Transcribed Image Text:**P. aeruginosa Resistance to β-lactam Antibiotics** The most alarming finding with this strain of *P. aeruginosa* is its newly acquired resistance to a wide range of β-lactam antibiotics. Bacterial resistance to β-lactams is derived from a class of enzymes known as β-lactamases. These enzymes hydrolyze the lactam ring of the antibiotic, rendering it useless. A typical mechanism for a Class A β-lactamase enzyme is illustrated below: **Mechanism Diagram Explanation:** - **Step 1:** The β-lactamase enzyme, specifically the serine residue (Ser-β-lactamase), attacks the carbonyl carbon of the β-lactam ring, resulting in the formation of a covalent acyl-enzyme intermediate. - **Step 2:** This step involves the acyl-enzyme intermediate where the β-lactam ring is now open, indicating the first stage of antibiotic inactivation. - **Step 3:** A water molecule (H2O) is introduced, which attacks the acyl-enzyme complex, facilitating the hydrolysis process. - **Step 4:** This step shows the breakdown of the acyl-enzyme intermediate, leading to the formation of the hydrolyzed, inactive product. - **Step 5:** Finally, the original enzyme is regenerated, ready to process additional antibiotic molecules. This enzymatic action effectively inactivates the antibiotic, contributing to the resistance of *P. aeruginosa*, posing significant challenges in clinical treatments.
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